v
THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
(THEJ
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
/i/
[JOURNAL
OF THE
/NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
EDITED BY
W. S. W. VAUX, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., JOHN" EVANS, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S.,
AND
FREDERIC W. MADDEN.
NEW SERIES.— YOL. VIII.
Factum abiit — monumeiita manent. — Ov. Fast.
LONDON : JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE.
PARIS: MM. ROLLIN ET FEUARDENT, RUE VIVIENNE,'No. 12. 1868.
CJ
I
n.s.
v.S
LONDON :
PRINTBD BY VIRTUE AND CO. CITY BO AD.
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
Page
An Account of the Collection of Roman Gold Coins of the late Duke de Blacas, purchased, with other Antiquities, for the British Museum. (Continued from p. 320, vol. vii. N.S.) By Frederic W. Madden, Esq. ... 1
Greek Weights in the British Museum. By A. S. Murray, Esq. 57 Note on Greek Weights. By Professor Theodore Mommsen . 74
Coins of Alexander's Successors in the East. Part I. The Greeks of Bactriaua, Ariana, ancl India. By Major-General A. Cunningham 93, 181, 257
On Some Rare or Unpublished Roman Gold Coins. By John Evans, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A.
On the Chemical Composition of a Bactrian Coin. By Walter
Flight, Esq., D. Sc 305
On some Unpublished Tetradrachms of Alexander the Great. By
E. H. Bunbury, Esq , M.A., F.G.S. ... .309
Notes on Ilion, Numismatic and Historical. Bv Barclay Vincent
.Head, Esq 321
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
Anglo-Saxon Coins with Runic Legends. By Barclay Vincent
Head, Esq 75
VI CONTENTS.
Page
An Account of Anglo-Saxon Coins and Gold and Silver Ornaments found at Trewhiddle, near St. Austell, Cornwall, A.D., 1774. And some Remarks on other Anglo-Saxon Hoards. By Jonathan Rashleigh, Ksq 137
London and Calais Groats of Henry IV., V., and VI. By J. F.
Neck, Esq 158
Note on Two Gold Pennies of Henry III. By S. F. Corkran,
Esq ! ... 235
On Two New Scottish Pennies of James VI. and Charles I., with some Remarks on the Half-Groats of the same Reigns ; and also on the Gold Thistle Crown of James. By the Rev. J. H. Pollexfen, M.A 237
The "Mullet-marked" Groat. By the Rev. Assheton Pownall,
M.A., F.S.A 339
ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
Armenian Coins. (Continued from p. 244, vol. vii., N.S.) By Edward Thomas, Esq., H.E.I.C.S 214, 284
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Revue Numismatique Fran9aise 91,174
Revue Numismatique Beige . 92 ^5 959
Recherches sur la Monnaie Romaine, depuis son Origine jusqu'a
la Mort d'Auguste. Par le Baron d'Ailly . . .175
Berliner Blatter fur Miinz-Siegel-und Wappenkunde . . .250 Periodico di Numismatica e Sfragistica per la Storia d' Italia. . 252 Description Historique des Monnaies Frappe'es sous 1'Empire tomain.commuiiemeutappelees Medailles Imperiales. Par
2nry Cohen. Tome septieme. Supplement, 1868 . . 252 Memorial Numismatico Espafiol .... 34,7
Illustrations of the Coinage of Scotland, drawn from Specimens
existing m the Author's Cabinet. By James' Wingate . 347
CONTENTS. Vll
MISCELLANEA.
Page
False Denarii of Labienus and Others 177
Anglo-Saxon Coins found at Ipswich 179
Medals of Henry IX 180
Gold Coin of Vitellius .253
Sales of Coins and Medals . . . . . . .254
Note on the " Voce Populi " Halfpence and Farthings . . 348 Numismatic Query ......... 350
PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
SESSION 1867—1868.
OCTOBER 17, 1867.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair. The following presents were announced, and laid on the table :—
1. Prinsep's Indian Antiquities, edited by Edward Thomas, Esq. London, 1858. 2 vols. 8vo. From the Editor.
2. Mereaux de Tournai, by R. Chalon. Bruxelles, 1867. 8vo. From the Author.
8. Une once de Malines, by R. Chalon. From the Author.
4. Quart de dinar trouve pres d'Ypres, by E. Chalon. From the Author.
5. La plus grande inedaille qu'on ait janiais frappe, by R. Chalon. From the Author.
6. Die Miinzen und Medaillen Graubiindens, by C. F. Trachsel. 1st Part. Berlin, 1866. From the Author.
7. An account of the hoard of Anglo-Saxon coins found at Chancton Farm, by B. V. Head. From the Author.
8. Address to the Members of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, by J. Mayer, Esq., 1867. From the Author.
9. On Public Libraries : their use and National profit. From J. Mayer, Esq.
10. Beschreibung der in der Schweiz aufgefundenen gal- lischen Miinzen, by Dr. H. Meyer, 1863. From the Author.
b
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
11. Revue de la Numismatique Beige, 4me Serie, torn, v., liv. 4. From the Society.
12. Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, N.S., vol. vi. Session, 1865—66. From the Society.
18. Rapport sur 1'activite de la Commission Imperiale Archeologique en 1864. St. Petersburg, 1865. From the Com- mission.
14. Proceedings and Papers of the Kilkenny and S. E. of Ireland Archaeological Society, vol. vi., N.S., July, 1866, No. 63. From the Society.
15. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, 2me- trimestre de 1867. From the Society.
16. Smithsonian Report, 1865. From the Smithsonian Institute.
17. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vols. vi. and vii., 1867. From the Smithsonian Institute.
18. Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia from May 4, 1865, to December 81, 1866. From the Society.
19. Annual Report of the Secretary of War of the U. S. of America, 1866. From Edwin M. Stanton, Esq., Sec. of War.
Mr. Wilson exhibited two medals of the French Exhibition.
Mr. Evans exhibited a Penny of Archbishop Vulfred, lately found near Bury St. Edmunds. It is of the type, Ruding, PI. xiii. No. 1, with the monogram of Dorobernia Civitas in the centre of the reverse. The moneyer's name is SWEENERD. Ruding mentions no other moneyer than SAEBERHT ; but a similar coin to this was in Mr. Cuff's collection, and another type of SWEENERD'S is given by Hawkins, No. 144.
Mr. S. Sharp exhibited a Solidus of Magnus Maximus, found at King's Cliffe in 1862.
Mr. Evans read a paper, by himself, "On the Coins of Magnus Maximus struck in London." See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. vii. p. 829.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 3
Mr. J. F. W. tie Salis communicated a paper " On the Coins of the Two Eudoxias, Eudocia, Placidia, and Honoria, and of Theodosius II., Marcian, and Leo I., struck in Italy." Printed in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. vii. p. 203.
NOVEMBER 21, 1867. W. S. W. VAUX, ESQ., President, in the Chair.
Mr. Madden communicated some remarks on the Roman gold coins of the late Duke of Blacas. See the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. vii. p. 251, and vol. viii. p. 1.
Mr. Webster exhibited a short-cross penny, bearing the name of tyffnRICCVS, but with the outer circle on the reverse divided into compartments by a square, with the sides slightly curved inwards, and surrounding the inner circle. In these compart- ments is a legend, of which only the letters ADO L are visible.
Mr. C. Roach Smith communicated a short notice of a penny of William, of the canopy type, with the name of the moneyer + EALD67YR ON LVNDN. It was dredged up at Chatham.
DECEMBER 19, 1867. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Messrs. W. Harvey and F. Spicer were elected members.
Mr. C. Roach Smith exhibited casts of a gold British coin found with four others at Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wight. It is uninscribed, and differs in several particulars from any engraved in Evans. Also a Saxon sceatta, and a small coin of Edward the Confessor, found at Hoylake on the sea-shore.
Mr. Rolfe exhibited a nearly similar coin of Edward the Confessor, procured in London.
Mr. Vaux read a paper, by himself, " On the Coins of Tomi and Callatia, collected by Dr. Cullen, M.D."
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mi: 15. V. Head read a paper, by himself, " On the Render to Caesar Crowns."
Mr. S. F. Corkran communicated a note, " On Two Gold Pennies of Henry the Third." See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. viii. p. 235.
Mr. Evans read a notice of some new discoveries at Con- stantinople by Dr. Dethier.
JANUARY 16, 1868. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Capt. C. C. Abbott, Messrs. J. Cameron and J. S. Wyon were elected members.
Mr. Corkran exhibited electrotypes of two remarkable Mou- tons d'Or, of great rarity. One of them is of Edward III., with the inscription GCDYT^ED beneath the Holy Lamb on the obverse. The second is possibly of the same monarch, but has the inscription ffOft RffX.
Mr. Smallfield exhibited a pewter piece of the time of Elizabeth, having on the obverse a Phoenix and the legend SOLA PHENIX MVNDYE, and on the reverse a rose crowned with E R on either side, and the legend REGINA BEATY. It was found in the Thames. He also exhibited a small leaden piece with the Virgin in a crescent on the obverse, and the date 1540 on the reverse — found in the same place.
Mr. Evans exhibited a coin of the Yandal King Genseric, struck at Carthage, with N XLIII on the reverse.
Mr. J. F. W. de Salis communicated a paper " On Roman Coins struck in Britain." See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. vii. p. 321.
Mr. Vaux made some remarks on the Stamford find (2,942 coins), which principally consist of coins of Henry IV., V., and VI. ; he also called the attention of the Society to a large find of English and Venetian coins (7,000) at Highbury.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
FEBRUARY 20, 1868. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Dr. Freudenthal exhibited some tokens of Roumania, Trinidad, and Orange River : —
ROUMANIA.
Obv. — Under a regal crown, arms quarterly of Walla- chia [an eagle holding a cross in his beak] and Moldavia [a bull's head, above a star of five points] . Supporters, a woman holding a sabre, and a lion. Motto, NIHIL SINE DEO. The whole surrounded by a mantle under a regal crown. Above, ROMANIA.
Eev.— Within sprigs of laurel and oak 10 | BANI | 1867 Below, HEATON. Penny size. In the centre the Hohenzollern cheque, party per cross argent and sable.
TRINIDAD.
Obv.— BAKERY & GROCERY ; lower leg. 9, FRED- RICK ST., PORT OF SPAIN. In the field, rose, thistle, and shamrock.
Rev.— REDEEMABLE AT ; lower leg. H. E. RAPSEY'S. In the field, HALF | STAMPEE. Halfpenny
size.
ORANGE RIVER.
Oh,-.— BLOEMFONTEIN ; lower leg. ORANJE FRY STAAT. Arms, a tree between a fox (?) and a lion. In the field three bugle-horns. Behind the shield two flags, and to the sides 18 — 67.
/;,,-.— GOED VOOR ; lower leg. DANIEL & HYMAN.
In the field 2s. German silver. The same with Is.
Mr. Vaux exhibited two specimens of a guinea of Charles II., of 1675, with the blundered legend CRAOLVS instead of CAROLVS.
G PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. Webster exhibited a large brass coin of Caracalla, with the Circus Maximus on the reverse.
The Rev. J. Kenrick exhibited a second brass coin of Didia Clara.
Mr. Francis, of Croydon, exhibited a Merovingian triens of Rheims. Obv. RIMVS FIT. Rev. FILOMARVS. Found at Croydon.
Dr. Freudenthal exhibited two copper coins of the time of the Crusades, supposed byDe Saulcy to have been struck under Conrad III. and Louis VII. (1148), but which he considered to be of a different attribution.
Signer Domenico Pierrugues, of Florence, sent for exhibition a photograph of a brass coin of Agrippa, with a new reverse, that of VESTA with a seated figure — a reverse not hitherto found before the reign of Caligula.
Mr. J. F. Neck communicated a paper " On the Groats of Henry IV., V., VI." See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. viii. p. 168.
MARCH 19, 1868. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Mr. Evans exhibited a rare gold coin of Vitellius, with the head of L. Vitellius on the reverse, being a slight variety of the example first published by Mr. Madden, from the Blacas Collection. See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. viii. p. 253.
The Rev. A. Pownall exhibited a bronze medallion, struck on the death of Gustavus Adolphus.
The Rev. T. Cornthwaite exhibited a coin of Hettam I. and Isabella of Armenia, and two leaden bullas of Byzantine work- manship.
Mr. J. Rashleigh communicated ' ' An Account of Anglo- Saxon Coins and Gold and Silver Ornaments found at Tre- whiddle, near St. Austell, Cornwall, in 1774, and some Remarks
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7
on other Anglo-Saxon Hoards." See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. viii. p. 137.
Mr. B. Y. Head read a paper, by himself, " On Anglo-Saxon Coins, with Runic Legends." See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. viii. p. 75.
APRIL 16, 1868.
W. S. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair. The following presents were announced and laid upon the table :—
1. Bulletins de 1'Academie Royale de Belgique, 86me- annee, 2me- Serie, torn, xxiv., 1667.
2. Annuaire de 1'Academie Royale de Belgique, 1868. From the Academy.
3. Revue de la Numismatique Beige, 4me- Serie, torn, vi., 2me- livraison. From the Society.
4. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, 4me- trimestre de 1867. From the Society.
5. Memorial Numismatico Espanol, torn, i., 1866, and ano ii., Barcelona, 1868. From the Editor.
6. Proceedings of the Kilkenny and S. E. of Ireland Archaeo- logical Society, vol. v., N.S., October, 1868. No. 54. From the Society.
Mr. J. Mayer exhibited a coin of Jaenberht, Archbishop of Canterbury.
MAY 21, 1868. W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the table :—
1. Journal of the Historical and Archaeological Association
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
of Ireland. 3rd Series, vol. i., No. 1., January, 1868. From the Association.
2. Journal of the Eoyal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, N.S., vol. iii., Part i., 1867. From the Society.
8. Annuaire de la Societe Fran^-aise de Numismatique et d'Archeologie, 2e annee, 1867. From the Society.
4. Seigneurs de Florennes, leurs sceaux et leurs monnaies, by B. Chalon. From the Author.
6. The coinage of Suffolk, by Charles Golding, Esq. From the Author.
6. Metric Weights and Measures. Speech of Mr. Beresford Hope, M.P., in moving the rejection of the Weights and Measures Bill, May 13, 1868.
Mr. Vaux made some remarks upon the find of Groats at Stamford.
JUNE 18, 1868. ANNIVERSARY MEETING.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair. The minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and confirmed. The Eeport of the Council was then read to the Meeting : —
GENTLEMEN, — In accordance with the usual custom of this Society, the Council have the honour to lay before you their Annual Report as to the state of the Numismatic Society, at this, another Anniversary Meeting.
The Council regret to have to announce their loss, by death, of their honorary member, M. le Prof. P. 0. Van der Chijs, who expired at Ley den on the 4th Nov., 1867.1 The name of
1 Since this was written we regret to have to record the deaths of K. Whitbourn, Esq., F.S.A. ; of William Henry
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
C. H. Wyndham has, by order of the Council, been erased from the list of members.
On the other hand the Council have much pleasure in record- ing the election of the eight following members : —
Capt. Charles Compton Abbott. James Cameron, Esq. Capt. R. J. H. Douglas. William Harvey, Esq., F.S.A. R. W. Maclachlan, Esq. Frederic Spicer, Esq. J. Shepherd Wyon, Esq. James Wingate, Esq.
According to our Secretary's Report, our numbers are there- fore as follows : —
Original. Elected. Honorary. Total.
Members, June, 1867 . . 6 116 42 164
Since elected . . — 8 — 8
6 124 42 172
Deceased — 1 2 1
Resigned -
Erased . 1 8 — 1
Members, June, 1868 . 6 123 41 170
Barton, Esq., of the Royal Mint ; and of our honorary member, M. Jacques Boucher de Crevecoaur de Perthes, of Abbeville. We hope to give notices of these our deceased members at the next Annual Meeting.
We have also to announce the resignations of William Loyne, Esq., F.S.A., and of George Baynton Davy, Esq.
2 M. le Prof. P. 0. Van der Chijs.
8 C. H. Wyndham.
10 I'ltOCKEDINUS OF THE
We proceed to give a brief notice of our deceased friend, the late Prof. Van der Chijs.
M. Vander Chijs died suddenly on the 4th November, 1867, at Ley den, in the University of which town he has been for many years the keeper of coins and medals. His great work, "On the Coins Struck in the Low Countries before the Peace of Ghent," has made his name familiar to Numismatists of all countries. From his early youth he had devoted his attention to the study of coins ; and the great quantity of foreign money of all periods, and of every country, which was at that time in circulation in Holland, afforded ample material for his researches. He studied the "belles-lettres," under the direc- tion of M. Reuvens, on whose death he was appointed Director of the Coin Cabinet, which at that time consisted only of a collection of Greek and Roman coins, collected by M. Reuvens, and by him bequeathed to the University. M. Van der Chijs wrote a treatise on the " Utility of the Study of Numismatics," and began the publication of a Numismatic journal, of which, how- ever, only two volumes were published. His principal work, " On the Coins of the Netherlands before the Peace of Ghent," already alluded to, was undertaken by him as a work of competition for a prize offered by the Societe Teyler. He had long thought of publishing a new edition of Van Alkmade's "Description des Monnaies des Comtes de Hollande," and for this purpose he had collected numerous drawings, &c. He there- fore, resolved immediately to commence his work. Aided by his wife, who copied out the text, he travelled through a great part of Holland, visiting every known collection, and obtaining drawings of all interesting and inedited pieces. It is needless to say that M. Van der Chijs acquitted himself of his task with indefatigable zeal, and in spite of age and ill health, brought it to a close shortly before his death. Prof. Van der Chijs was elected an honorary member of the Numismatic Society in 1867, only a few months before his decease.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
The Council beg leave further to state that Mr. F. W. Madden to whom the Society has been so long indebted for a great deal of arduous and gratuitous labour, performed by him with singular zeal and intelligence, as one of your Secretaries, and Joint Editor of the Chronicle, with Mr. Evans and Mr. Vaux, has expressed a wish, owing to ill health, to retire from the duties of Secretary, and that Mr. Barclay Vincent Head has consented to take his place. The Council believe that they are only expressing the unanimous feeling of the Society in asking the members present to agree to a vote of thanks, which will be proposed by your President to Mr. Madden, as a slight recognition of the good service he has performed for this Society. Mr. Madden will still continue, as before, to assist in the editing of the Chronicle.
The Council cannot conclude their Report without congratu* lating the Society on its continued prosperity. It is true that we are not a numerous body, and that, if we are to be as efficient as we hope to be, a considerable addition ought to be made — and quickly too — to the number of our paying members. Still we have not, on this occasion, to record any falling-off under this head. It ought, however, to be distinctly remembered, that our annual subscriptions — including what we receive for the sale of the Chronicle — hardly avail to meet the current expenses of the four parts, which we endeavour to publish with regularity, and which, on the whole, we have been enabled to lay before our members with less delay than is often but too common in the case of far larger and richer societies. The Council, therefore, feel that it is of the greatest importance that every well-wisher to the Numismatic Society should do his utmost to procure for us an increased number of members, believing as they do that the Chronicle is the life of the Numismatic Society, and that if once we fail, from want of means, in issuing our quarterly volume, \ve sustain ourselves, and, in ourselves, that Numismatic science sustains also, an
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
irreparable loss. The Council would be sorry to see the day when the publication of the Numismatic Chronicle should be stopped, or even long delayed, owing to the scarcity of funds, as they fully recognise the fact that, in the quality of its materials, and in the ability shown by the papers published in it, the character of English Numismatic science is well main- tained in comparison with that on the Continent, as exhibited in foreign Numismatic journals.
The Report of the Librarian is as follows : —
165 volumes of books belonging to the Society have been bound.
127 slips have been written for the Catalogue of the Books of the Society.
The Report of the Treasurer is as follows : —
1
O O O «O O -H
•itfBOt— CO^iflO •*
**
CO
! w
00
CO
§
10 «p tree
. .300 O
bC
I O
§ . a § 1 . « . .
5 -S^ * S eS „
• • • • .S S • •» • I O o c o 5 •*«§)•
. . s . £ =3 . . >- . S sf.5 5 •§ S o ^ s _
3 ^ ^ ..S 'O "O "0 (M S V; jg
til; Ilitl |:||i,
g ^ .g --3SS5 ni^ « HM a ^
I.I'2 | Sl1| .>^ «S !JI£J|
"^B^S j ^=2°°^ SosssH- /go
& U^iS'il '--^^^^l ' III
rf--la1af^a -JSS ' F§°a3
fc«^
223'
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
The Meeting then proceeded to ballot for the officers of the ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were elected : —
President. W. S. W. VAUX, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.R.A.S.
Vice -Presidents
S. Biiicn, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A. RT. HON. THE EAEL OF ENNISKILLEN, Hou U.C.L., F.H.S., F.G.S.
Treasurer. W. FBEUDENTHAL, ESQ., M.D.
Secretaries.
JOHN EVANS, ESQ., F R.S., F.S.A , F.G.S. BARCLAY VINCENT HEAD, ESQ.
Foreign Secretary JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, ESQ., F.S.A.
Librarian.
SUTTON FEASER COEKEAN, ESQ.
Members of the Council.
J. B. BEBGNE, ESQ., F.S.A.
KEY. TULLIE COENTHWAITEKM.A.
JOHN DAVIDSON, ESQ.
A. W. FBANKS, ESQ., F.S.A.
FEEDEEIC W. MADDEN, ESQ.
J. F. NECK, ESQ.
REV. J. H. POLLKXFEN, M.A
S. SHARP, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S.
J. S. SMALLFIKLD, ESQ.
JOHN WILLIAMS, ESQ., F.S.A.
After a vote of thanks to Mr. Madden for his valuable services, the Society then adjourned until October 15th, 1868.
LIST OF MEMBERS
«F THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
DECEMBER, 1868.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OP THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON, DECEMBEE, 1868.
An, Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member has compounded for his annual contribution. (QM.) = Original Member.
ABBOTT, CAPTAIN CHARLES COMPTON, Oakley Villa, Cirencester. ALLEN, WILLIAM, ESQ., North Villa, Winchmore Hill, Southgate. ANDERSON, COLONEL WILLIAM, C.B., 19, Gloucester Square. ARNOLD, THOMAS JAMES, ESQ., 1, Greville Place, N.W.
*BABINGTON, REV. PROF. CHURCHILL, B.D., M.R.S.L., Cockfield
Rectory, Sudbury, Suffolk.
BAGG, STANLEY C., ESQ., Fairmount Villa, Montreal, Canada. BAYLEY, E. CLIVE, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., India.
(o. M.) BERGNE, JOHN B., ESQ., F.S.A., Foreign Office, Downing Street. BIRCH, SAMUEL, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., British Museum, Vice-President. BLADES, WILLIAM, ESQ., 11, Abchurch Lane. BRENT, CECIL, ESQ., 7, Albert Street, Mornington Crescent. *BRIGGS, ARTHUR, ESQ., Cragg Royal, Rawden, Leeds. BUNBURY, EDWARD H., ESQ., M.A., F.G.S., 35, St. James's Street. BURNS, EDWARD, ESQ., 13, Bank Street, Edinburgh. BUSH, COLONEL TOBIN, 14, St. James's Square.
CAMERON, JAMES, ESQ., 10, Market Street, Edinburgh. CANE, HENRY, ESQ., Capland Spa, Hatch Beauchamp, Taunton. CHAMBERS, MONTAGUE, ESQ., Q.C., Child's Place, Temple Bar. CLARKE, HYDE, ESQ., LL.D., 32, St. George's Square. COOMBS, ARTHUR, ESQ., M.A., High West Street, Dorchester. COOTE, HENRY CHARLES, ESQ., Doctors' Commons. CORKRAN, SUTTON ERASER, ESQ., British Museum, Librarian. *CORNTHWAITE, REV. TuLLiE, M.A.., Forest, Walthauisiow.
4 LIST OF MEMBERS.
CRUMP, ARTHUR, ESQ., Stockholm Bank, Stockholm.
DAVIDSON, JOHN, ESQ., 14, St. George's Place, Hyde Park Corner, (o. M.) DICKINSON, W. BINLEY, ESQ., 5, Lansdowne Circus, Leamington. DOUGLAS, CAPTAIN R. J. H., Junior United Service Club. DRYDEN, SIR HENRY, BARE., Canon's Ashby, Daventry.
EADES, GEORGE, ESQ., Evesham, Worcestershire.
ENNISKILLEN, RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF, HON. D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
M.R.I.A., Florence Court, Enniskillen, Ireland, Vice-President. EVANS, JOHN, ESQ., F.R.S., F.S.A., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead.
and 65, Old Bailey, Secretary. EVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ., LL.D., 145, Highgate, Birmingham.
FARROW, MORLEY, ESQ., M.R.S.L., 23, Clifton Gardens, Maida Hill,
and Bridgewick Hall, Chapel, near Halstead, Essex. FEUARDENT, GASTON, ESQ., 27, Haymarket. FORSTER, W., ESQ., Carlisle. Fox, GENERAL, Addison Road, Kensington.
FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., British Museum. FRENTZEL, RUDOLPH, ESQ., 28, New Bond Street. FREUDENTHAL, W., ESQ., M.D., 71, Kennington Park Road, Treasurer.
GOLD ING, CHARLES, ESQ., 16, Blomfield Terrace.
GREENWELL, REV. WILLIAM, M.A., Durham.
*GUEST, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., D.C.L., Master of Caius College, Cam-
bridge. GUNSTON, T. D. E., ESQ., 80, Upper Street, Islington.
HARDY, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., Duchy of Lancaster Office, Somerset
House.
HARFORD, REV. F. K., M.A., F.S.A., Dean's Yard, Westminster. HARTWRIGHT, JOHN HENRY, ESQ., 16A, Terrace, Kennington Park. HARVEY, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., 3, Cliffe, Lewes. HAY, MAJOR, H.E.I.C.S., Stanford House, Upper Norwood. HEAD, BARCLAY VINCENT, ESQ., British Museum, Secretary. HENFREY, WILLIAM, ESQ., Markham House, College Road, Brighton. HEPPEL, W. G., ESQ., 76, Cambridge Street, Pimlico. HEWARD, PETER, ESQ., Cole Orton, near Ashby-de-la-Zouch. HOLT, HENRY FREDERIC, ESQ., 6, King's Road, Clapham Park.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 5
HOLT, HENRY FRED. WILLIAM, ESQ., H.B.M. Vice- Consul, Tamsay,
Formosa.
HUNT, JOHN, ESQ., 40, Upper Hyde Park Gardens. HUNT, J. MORTIMER, ESQ., 156, New Bond Street.
JENNINGS, ROBERT, ESQ., 4, East Park Terrace, Southampton. JOHNSTON, W. H., ESQ., St. Antholin's Rectory House, 51, Watling
Street, E.G.
JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, Warwick. JONES, W. STAVENHAGEN, ESQ., 2, Verulam Buildings, Gray's Inn. JONES, THOMAS, ESQ., Llanerchrugog Hall, Wales, and 2, Plowden's
Buildings, Temple. ^ JUDD, CHARLES, ESQ., Stoneleigh Villas, Chestnut Road, Tottenham.
*LAMBERT, GEORGE, ESQ., 10, Coventry Street. LEATHER, C. J., ESQ., North Grounds Villa, Portsea, Portsmouth. LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 462, New Oxford Street. LOEWE, DR. L., M.R.A.S., 1 and 2, Oscar Villas, Broadstairs, Kent. LONGSTAITE, W. HYLTON DYER, ESQ., 4, Catherine Terrace, Gateshead. LUCAS, JOHN CLAY, ESQ., F.S.A., Lewes, Surrey.
MACLACHLAN, R. W., 191, Bleury Street, Montreal.
MADDEN, FREDERIC WILLIAM, ESQ., Bentley, Hants.
MARSDEN, REV. J. H., B.D., Great Oakley Rectory, Harwich, Essex.
MAYER, Jos., ESQ., F.S.A., 68, Lord Street, Liverpool.
MIDDLETON, SIR GEORGE N. BROKE, BART., C.B., Shrubland Park,
and Broke Hall, Suffolk.
MILLS, A. DICKSON, ESQ., Brook House, Godalming. MOORE, GENERAL, Junior U.S. Club. MORRIS, MARMADUKE C. F., ESQ., Nunburnholme Rectory, Hayton, .
York.
MURCHISON, CAPTAIN, R.M., Junior United Service Club, (o. M.) MUSGRAVE, SIR GEORGE, BART., F.S.A., Edenhall, Penrith.
NECK, J. F., ESQ., Hereford Chambers, 10, Hereford Street, Park Lane, (o. M.) NICHOLS, J. GOUGH, ESQ., F.S.A., 25, Parliament Street. NORRIS, EDWIN, ESQ., F.S.A., 6, St. Michael's Grove, Brompton.
OLDFIELD, EDMUND, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 6], Pall Mall.
*PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., &c., &c., Evesham, Worcestershire.
6 LIST OF MEMBERS.
(o. M.) PFISTEB, JOHN GEOEGE, ESQ., British Museum.
PUILLIPS, Moss EDMUND COULDEKY, ESQ., Mount Granville House,
Lewisham.
POLLEXFEN, REV. J. H., M.A., St. Mary's Terrace, Colchester. POOLE, REGINALD STUART, ESQ., British Museum. POWNALL, REV. ASSHETON, M.A., F.S.A., South Kilworth, Rugby. PRICE, W. LAKE, ESQ., 2, Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park. PULLAN, RICHARD, ESQ., M.R.I.B.A., 15, Clifford's Inn.
RASHLEIGH, JONATHAN, ESQ., 3, Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park. RAWLINSON, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY C., K.C.B., M.P., HON.
D.C.L., F.R.S., 1, Hill Street, Berkeley Square. *READE, REV. J. B., F.R.S., Bishopsbourne Rectory, Canterbury. ROBINSON, T. W. U., ESQ., Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. ROLFE, H. W., ESQ., 3, Punderson Place, Bethnal Greeii Road. ROSTRON, SIMPSON, ESQ., 11, King's Bench Walk, Temple. ROUGHTON, J. W., ESQ., 9, Bedford Place, Russell Square.
SALIS, J. F. W. DE, ESQ., Hillingdon Place, Uxbridge.
SHARP, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S., Dallington Hall, Northampton.
SIM, GEORGE, ESQ., F.S.A.E., 9, Lauriston Lane, Edinburgh.
SMALLFIELD, J. S., ESQ., 10, Little Queen Street.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., JUN., 8, Croxteth Road, Princess Park,
Liverpool. SOTHEBY, MRS. LEIGH, care of Edw. Hodge, Esq., 13, Wellington
Street, Strand.
SPENCE, ROBERT, ESQ., 4, Rosella Place, North Shields. SPICE u, FREDERICK, ESQ., Godalming, Surrey.
STRICKLAND, MRS. WALTER, 217, Strada San Paolo, Valetta, Malta. STUBBS, CAPTAIN, R.H.A., Dromiskin, Castle Bellingham,Louth, Ireland. SWITHENBANK, GEORGE EDWIN, ESQ., Newcastle on-Tyne.
TAYLOR, CHARLES R., ESQ., 2, Montague Street, Russell Square. *TIIOMAS, EDWARD, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., 47, Victoria Road, Kensington. TINSON, HAROLD, ESQ., Audit Office, Great Western Railway. TURNER, CAPTAIN FREDERICK C. POLHILL, Howbury Hall, Bedfordshire.
VAUX, W. SANDYS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., M.R.A.S., British Museum, Prc»i<l <•,>!.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 7
VEITCH, GEORGE SETON, ESQ., 13, Castle Terrace, Edinburgh. VIRTUE, JAMES SPRENT, ESQ., 294, City Road.
WADDINGTON, W. H., ESQ., 14, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore, Paris. WARREN, HON. J. LEICESTER, M.A., 32A, Brook Street, Grosvenor
Square.
WEATHERLEY, REV. C., North Bradley, Wilts. WEBSTER, W., ESQ., 6, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. *WHITE, JAMES, ESQ., M.P., 14, Chichester Terrace, Brighton. WIGAN, EDWARD, ESQ., 17, Highbury Terrace. WILKINSON, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., 3, Wellington Street, Strand, (o. M.) WILLIAMS, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., Royal Astronomical Society,
Somerset House.
*WILSON, FREDERICK, ESQ., Mason's Avenue, Basinghall Street. WINGATE, JAMES, ESQ., 4, Royal Exchange Buildings, Glasgow. *WINGROVE, DRUMMOND BOND, ESQ., 30, Wood Street, Cheapside. WOOD, HUMPHREY, ESQ., Chatham. *WooD, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., The Abbey, Shrewsbury. WORMS, GEORGE, ESQ., 27, Park Crescent, Regent's Park. WYON, J. SHEPHERD, ESQ., 2, Langham Chambers.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
ADRIAN, DR. J. D., Giessen.
AKERMAN, J. YONGE, ESQ., F.S.A., Abingdon, Berkshire.
BARTHELEMY, M. A. DE, 39, Rue d' Amsterdam, Paris. BERGMANN, DR. JOSEPH RITTER VON, Director of the K.K. Miinz-und- Antiken Cabinet, Vienna.
CASTELLANOS, SENOR DON BASILIO SEBASTIAN, 80, Rue S. Bernardo
Madrid.
CHALON, M. RENIER, 24, Rue de la Senne, Brussels. CLERCQ, M. J. LE, Brussels. COCHET, M. L'ABBfi, 128, Rue d'Ecosse, Dieppe. COHEN, M. HENRI, 46, Rue de la Tour d'Auvergne, Paris, COLSON, DR. ALEXANDRE, Noyon (Oise), France.
DELGADO, DON ANTONIO.
DORN, DR. BERNHARD, Actuel Conseiller d'fetat, St. Petersburg.
8 LIST OF MEMBERS.
GONZALES, CAV. CARLO, Palazzo Ricasoli, Via delle Terme, Florence. GROTE, DR. H., Hanover. GROTEFEND, DR. C. L., Hanover. GUIOTH, M. LEON, Liege.
PART, A. WELLINGTON, ESQ., 16, Ex Place, New York.
HILDEBRAND, M. EniL BROR, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquites et du
Cab. des M6daillesJ Stockholm.
HOLMBOE, PROF., Direct, du Cab. des Me'dailles, Christiana.
K(EHNE, M. LE BARON DE, Actuel Conseiller d'etat et Conseiller du Muse"e de 1'Ermitage Irap^riale, St. Petersburg.
LAPLANE, M. EDOUARD, St. Omer.
LEEMANS, DR. CONRAD, Direct, du Muse'e d'Antiquites, Leyden. LEITZMANN, HERR PASTOR J., Weissensee, Thiiringen, Saxony. Lis Y RIVES, SEN"OR DON V. BERTRAN DE, Madrid. LONGP^RIER, M. ADRIEN DE, Muse"e du Louvre, Paris.
MEYEB, DR. HEINRICK, irn Berg, Zurich.
MINERVINI, CAV. GIULIO, Rome.
MULLER, DR. L-, Insp. du Cab. des Me'dailles, Copenhagen.
NAMUR, DR. A., Luxembourg.
OSTEN, THE BARON PROKESCH D', Constantinople.
RICCIO, M. GENNARO, Naples.
SABATIER, M. J., 6, Rue Couchois, Montmartre, Paris.
SAULCY, M. F. DE, 5, Rue du Cirque, Paris.
SAUSSAYE, M. DE LA, 34, Rue de 1'Universite', Paris.
Six, M. J. P., Amsterdam.
SMITH, DK. AQUILLA, M.R.I. A., 121, Baggot Street, Dublin.
SMITH, C. ROACH, ESQ., F.S.A., Temple Place, Strood, Kent.
VALLERSANI, IL PROP., Florence. VERACHTER, M. FREDERICK, Antwerp.
WITTE, M. LE BARON DE, 5, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honors', Paris.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
I.
ACCOUNT OF THE COLLECTION OF ROMAN GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS,
PURCHASED, WITH OTHER ANTIQUITIES, FOR THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
(Continued from page 820, Vol. VII.)
CARACALLA.
# 185. Obv.— ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS. Bust of Caracalla
/to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev.— PONTIFEX TR.P. HI. Caracalla in military dress standing to the left, holding Victory and spear ; at his feet a captive seated.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 240).
186. CARACALLA. Rev.— MINER. VICTRIX. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 104 ; a variety of two specimens in the Museum collection.)
# 187. Oil'.— ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. Bust of Caracalla
to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. — COS. II. (in the exergue). Caracalla in a quad- riga to the right, holding a sceptre, on the top of which an eagle.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 21).
VOL. VIII. N.S. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHRONK'LK.
# 188. Obv.— ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. Head of Caracalla
to the right, laureated.
/frr.— PONTIFEX TR.P. X. COS. II. ^Esculapius naked, standing facing in a distyle temple, lean- ing on a stick, round which is entwined a serpent ; on either side of him a serpent ; on the pediment a wreath. Published by Cohen (M<>,L Imp., No. 242).
This coin was issued in A.D. 207. Other coins with jEsculapius for type, both in gold and brass/ struck in A.D. 215, are in existence, recording the visit of Caracalla to Pergamus, when he was afflicted with various diseases. His supplications to ^Esculapius are said to have been of no avail.2
#189. Obi:— ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. BRIT. Head of Caracalla to the right, laureated.
Jfct'.— COS. III. P.P. Victory walking to the left, holding wreath and palm. Quinarim.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 23).
# 190. Obv.— ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. BRIT. Bust of
Caracalla to the right, laureated, with cuirass.
Rer.— P.M. TR.P. XVI. IMP. II. COS. IIII. P.P. Caracalla in a quadriga to the right, holding a sceptre. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 151).
# 191. Obr.— ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. GERM. Bust of Cara-
calla to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
/to-.— P.M. TR.P. XVII. COS. IIII. P.P. Round temple of Vesta, before which Caracalla standing, sacrificing on a lighted altar ; behind him a figure in a toga ; before him, two vestals standing, and on either side an infant.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 165), from the Cab. de M. Feiuirdent.
\ Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 195, 464—469. Dion Cass., Ixxvii. 15; Herorlian, iv. 8, 8.
GOLD COINS 01' THE LATE DUKE 1) K BLACAS. 3
192. CARACALLA. Hec.— P.M. TR.P. XV111. COS. IIII. P.P. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 169.)
#198. Obv.— ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. GERM. Bust of Garacalla to the right, radiated, with paluda- mentum and cuirass.
Rev.— P.M. TR.P. XVIIII. COS. IIII. P.P. Jupiter seated to the left, holding Victory and sceptre ; at his feet an eagle. (PI. IV., No. 1.)
Small medallion, \vt. 201 -f- grs. Unpublished.
CARACALLA AND GETA.
# 194. Obr.— M. AVRELIVS ANTON. AVG. Bust of Caracalla to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
/frt .— P. SEPT. GETA CAES. PONT. Young bust of Geta to the right, bare, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 4).
195. PLAUTILLA. Rev.— VENVS VICTRIX. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 17.)
GETA.
196. Obv.— P. SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES. Bust of Geta to
the right, bare, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev.— PONTIF. COS. II. Geta in a quadriga to the right, holding a sceptre.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 60).
197. GETA. Rev.— FELICITAS TEMPOR. (Cohen, Med.
Imp., No. 21.)
198. GETA. Rev.— FELICITAS TEMPOR. (Cohen, Med.
Imp., No. 18.)
199. GETA AND CARACALLA ? Rev.— SEVERI INVICTI AVG.
PII FIL. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 1. The Blacas specimen differs in the position of the bust of Geta from the specimens in the Museum and at Paris.)
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
200. MACRINUS. Rev.— FIDES MILITVM. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 10.)
#201. Obv.— IMP. C. M. OPEL. SEV. MACRINVS AVG. Bust of Macrinus to the right, laureated, with pa-Indumentum and cuirass.
/^r.— PONTIF. MAX. TR.P. COS. P.P. Female figure standing facing, looking to the right, and holding in each hand a standard.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 29).
ELAGABALUS.
#202. Obi:— IMP. ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. Bust of Elagabalus to the right, laureated, with the cuirass.
Rev.— P.M. TR.P. III. COS. III. P.P. Elagabalus holding a branch and sceptre in a quadriga to the left; in ike field a star.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 87). A variety pub- lished by Mionnet (Med. Rom., vol. i. p. 846) has no star in
203. ELAGABALUS. Rev.— CONSERVATOR AVG. (Cohen,
Med. Imp., No. 7 ; engraved pi. xv.)
204. ELAGABALUS. Eev.— VICTOR ANTONINI AVG.
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No, 143.)
SEVERUS ALEXANDER.
#205. Obv.— IMP. C. M. AVR. SEV. ALEXAND. AVG. Bust of Alexander to the left, laureated, with paludamentum.
Eev.— P.M. TR.P. III. COS. P.P. Female figure standing to the left, holding branch and sceptre. Quinarius.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 117).
#206. Obv.— IMP. C. M. AVR. SEV. ALEXAND. AVG. Bust of Alexander to the right, laureated, with paluda»ie»tnm and cuirass.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATK DUKK DE BLACAS. O
Her.— P.M. TR.P. V. COS. II. P.P. Mars helmcted, naked, with a flowing mantle, walking to the right, holding spear and trophy.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 126).
#207. Obv.— IMP. C. M. AYR. SEV. ALEXAND. AVG. Bust of Alexander to the right, laureated, with the paludameittum.
Rec.—PM. TR.P. VI. COS. II. P.P. Alexander, laureated, standing to the left, sacrificing at a lighted altar.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 142).
208. SEV. ALEXANDER. Rev.— IOVI CONSERVATORI. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 36; see, for correction, Errata, vol. vi. p. 621.)
# 209. Obc.— IMP. C. M. AVR. SEV. ALEXAND. AVG. Bust of Alexander to the right, laureated, with pahulo- mentum and cuirass.
Etfv.— LIBERALITAS AVG. Liberality standing to the left, holding tessera and cornu-copiae.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 48). A variety of this coin in the Museum collection has the reverse legend, LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI.
210. JUUA MAM^A. Rev.— VESTA. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 26 ; a beautiful coin.)
GORDIANUS PlUS.
# 211. Obv.— IMP. GORDIANVS PIVS FEL. AVG. Bust of Gordian III. to the right, laureated, with paluda- mentum and cuirass.
Rev.— P.M. TR.P. VI. COS. II. P.P. Apollo half- naked, seated to the left, holding a laurel branch and leaning on a lyre.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 118).
212. GORDIANUS Pius. Rev.— AETERNITATI AVG. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 12.) Quinarius.
6 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
218. GORDIANUS Pius, liev.— FELICIT. TEMP. (Cohen, Med. I»ip., No. 30.)
214. GORDIANUS Pius. Rev.— IOVI STATORI. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 48.)
#215. Obv.— IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS. AVG.
Bust of Gordian III. to the right, laureated, with p aludamcntum .
Rev.— VIRTVS AVG. Mars helmeted, standing to the left, holding a branch of olive and a spear ; at his feet a shield.
Published only in silver by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 161).
#216. Obv.— IMP. GORDIANVS CES. AVG. Head of Gordian III. to the right, laureated.
Rev.— DIVVS PATER T [R] AIANVS. Female figure standing to the left, holding winged caduceus and cornu-copise.
Unpublished.
I have already alluded to this barbarous coin under the coins of Trajan and Hadrian with Trajan father. (See Nos. 85, 86, 105, and 106.)
PHILJP I.
#217. Obv.— IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Bust of Philip I. to the right, laureated, with paludn- mentwni and cuirass.
Rev.— ROMAE AETERNAE. Rome helmeted, seated to the left, holding victory and sceptre ; at her side a shield.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 71).
# 218. Ok'.— IMP. M. I [V] L. PHILIPPVS AVG. Bust of Philip I. to the right, laureated, with paluda- mentum and cuirass.
Rev.— SECVRIT. ORBIS. Security seated to the left, holding a sceptre, and supporting her head with her left hand.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 95).
4JOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE I)E BLACAS. /
OTACILIA SEVERA.
# 219. Obv.— OTACIL. SEVERA AVG. Bust of Otacilia to
the right, with diadem.
Rev.— SAECVLVM NOVVM. Hexastyle temple, in the middle of which Rome seated facing. (PI. IV., No. 2.) Published by Cohen (Ned. Imp., No. 29 ; engraved pi. ix).
This coin was issued in A.D. 248, in which year Philip I. celebrated the ludi saeculares with great pomp and magni- ficence. Numerous coins of Philip I., Otacilia, and Philip II., with legends and types referring to them, are in existence.3 These games have been thought by Orosius to have been instituted in honour of Christ and the Church, and Philip himself and his family have been claimed by Christian writers as having embraced the Christian faith.4
220. TRAJANUS DECIUS.— Rev. ADVENTVS AVG. (Cohen,
Med. Imp., No. 5.)
*221. Obr.— IMP. TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG. Bust of Trajan Decius to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
/fer.—GENIVS EXERCITVS ILLYRICIANI. Genius standing to the left, holding patera and a cornu- copias ; behind, a standard.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 30).
222. TRAJANUS DECIUS. Rev.— PANNONIAE. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 88.)
HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS.
# 228. Obv.—Q. HER. ETR. MES. DECIVS NOB. C. Bust
of Herennius Etruscus to the right, bare, with pdludamentum .
3 See Cohen.
4 Num.. Chron., N.S., vol. vi. p. 191.
8 M MIS. MAT 1C rHKONICI.E.
Her.— PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. Herennius standing
to the left, holding standard and spear.
A variety of Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 14), on which Herennius holds a wnnd and spear.
TREBONIANUS GALLUS.
#224. Obr.— IMP. CAE. C. VIB. TREE. GALLVS AVG. Bust of Treb. Gallus to the right, laureated, with and cuirass.
Rev.— ANNONA AVG. Abundance standing to the right, placing the left foot on a prow, and hold- ing an anchor and ears of corn.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 11). #225. Obv. — Same legend and obverse as No. 224.
Jter.— APOLL. SALVTARI. Apollo naked, standing to the left, holding branch of laurel and a lyre placed upon a rock. (PI. IV., No. 3.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 14). The variety of this coin with the bust radiated, described by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 15), without naming the collection, exists in the Museum.
This coin was struck in A.D. 252, in honour of Apollo, Salutaris, with allusion to the pestilence which had begun in this year, and which was of so severe a nature as to last fifteen years. The same type occurs also upon the brass coins of Trebonianus Gallus/ and upon the coins of Volu- sian.6 Some very curious brass coins of both Treb. Gallus and Volusian were also issued in this year, with the legend ARNAZI or ARNASI,7 and with the type of "Apollo standing on a mountain, holding a branch of laurel and a bow." This legend has been the cause of
6 Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 85, 86.
6 Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 10, 11, 87, 88.
' Treb. Gallus, ARNASI, JE., Medallion, France (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 77); ARNAZI, JE. II., Musee de Vienne (Med. Imp., No. 87); Volusian, ARNAZI, JE. I., British Museum, M. II., Wiczay (Med. Imp., Nos. 89, 90).
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS.
much discussion. Banduri8 and Vaillant9 publish it without comment, but Hardouin10 has attempted an ex- planation in his usual style — ARte 'Narboniensium Apollo Sanat Imperium." It was reserved for Pellerin to make anything like a reasonable conjecture. This latter numis- matist 12 considers that the legend ARN . ASI (for he so divides it, as, indeed, it is upon the coin) contains the commencement of the names of two towns of Umbria, Arna and Asisium, which adjoined each other, and at which there was erected a statue of Apollo on an elevated spot, so that it might be invoked by all the neighbouring people. Eckhel seems to consider this interpretation very good. He says,13 " Hsec adversus viri prsestantis sententiam movere facile, at difficile, melius quidquam et valiturum adferre." M. Cohen 14 has noticed the state- ment of Pellerin, with the reserve that this legend has not yet been understood with certainty.
The interpretation of Pellerin as to two towns seems dubious, but the legend may apply to one — Arna — for it is now known that the Emperor Yibius Trebonianus Gall us was born at Perusia,15 and it was there that an
8 Num. Imp. Rom., vol. i. p. 62, fol. 1718.
9 Num. Imp. Rom. Freest., vol. iii. p. 196, 4to. 1743.
10 Opera Selecta, p. 113, fol. 1709.
11 Eckhel (Doct. Num. Vet., vol. vii. p. 358) says, " Har- duinus in ejus explicatione vetere suo more in migas et deliria abit."
12 Recuett des Med., vol. iii. p. Iii. Paris, 4to. 1763.
13 Op. cit. 1. c. Eckhel (/, c. and vol. vii. p. 234) also con- siders these coins of the same kind as the second brass of Geta, with the legend STA. BOV. (Stabias and BovillaB, towns of Cam- pania) (?). I am not aware whether this coin exists as genuine. It is published and engraved by Vaillant (Num. Aer.Imp. in colon, percussa, part ii. p. 61. Paris, 1695).
14 Med. Imp., vol. iv. p. 277, note.
15 St. Marin, Iscriz. Pcrugina, p. 15 — 20 ; Noel des Vergers, L'Etrurie et les Etrmques, vol. ii. p. 381.
VOL. VIII. N.S. C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
inscription was dedicated to his wife Afinia Gemma before he became emperor.16 The colony then acquired the name of Vibia, and many benefits were conferred on the place. The town of Arna was in Perusia,17 and it is very likely that the Emperor Treb. Gallus would erect a statue to Apollo Arnazius or Arnasius in his native country. At Arna "some remains of a temple still exist, and besides inscriptions, some of which attest its municipal rank, numerous minor objects of antiquity have been dis- covered on the spot." 18
A very similar type of Apollo, as has been observed by the late Abbe Cavedoni,19 may be seen on some of the Etruscan mirrors,20 and upon the coins of Metapontum,21 which doubtless represent the statue set up by the Metapontines, and mentioned by Herodotus.22
From the inscription of the wife of Gallus above quoted, where the word Bcebiana appears, it would seem as if the Bcebia family came from Perusia,23 and upon some denarii of this family, struck between B.C. 150 — 125,24 Apollo is in a quadriga holding a brand, a bow, and an arrow, doubt- less bearing reference to the pestilence which attacked Rome and Italy in B.C. 180. This type, as M. Cohen has observed, seems copied from the coins of Selinus in Sicily, at which place there was a continual plague.
16 Noel des Vergers, op. cit. vol. iii. Append. Epiq., p. iii. No. 82 ; Orelli, No. 997.
17 Orelli, Nos. 90, 91, 5005.
8 E. H. Bunbury, Smith's Diet, of Geog., s.v Arna '••> Hull, Arch. Jtal., Ann. I. 1861, p. 63.
10 Gerhard, Miroirs Etrusques, vol. i. pi. Ixxvii., Ixxxiii.
11 Carelli, Num. It. Vet., pi. civ 22 Hist., iv. 15.
J3 Cavedoni, op. cit. p. 68.
24 Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. viii., Bscbia, No. 6.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 11
# 226. Ofti'.— IMP. CAE. C. YIB. TREE. GALLVS AVG.
Bust of Treb. Gallus to the right, laureated, with paludamentwn and cuirass.
Eev.— LIBERTAS AVGG. Liberty standing to the left, holding cap and sceptre.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 32).
227. VOLUSIANUS. Rev.— AETERNITAS AVGG. (Cohen,
Med. Imp., No. 7.)
228. VOLUSIANUS. Rev.— CONCORDIA AVGG. (Cohen,
Med. Imp., No. 12.)
# 229. Obv.— IMP. CAE. C. VLB. VOLVSIANO AVG. Bust
of Volusian to the right, radiated.
Rev.— LIBERTAS AVGG. Liberty standing to tho left, holding cap and sceptre. In a setting.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 29).
VALERIANUS I.
# 230. Obv.— IMP. C. P. LIC. VALERIANVS AVG. Bust of Valerian I. to the right, laureated, with paluda- mentum and cuirass.
Eev.— 10 VI CONSERVA. Jupiter naked, with a mantle over left shoulder, standing to the left, holding thunderbolt and sceptre.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 56) incorrectly, for the obverse legend is not IMP. C. P. LIC. VALERIANVS P. F. AVG.
231. VALEBIANUS I. Eev.— LIBERALITAS AVGG. III. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 79.)
#232. Obv.— IMP. C. P. LIC. VALERIANVS P. F. AVG.
Bust of Valerian I. to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev.— VIRTVS AVGG. Mars helmeted, standing to the left, leaning on shield, and holding a spear.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 160).
12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
GALLIENUS.
#283. Obv.— IMP. C. P. LIC. GALLIENVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Gallienus to the right, laureated, with the cuirass.
Rev.— FELICITAS AVGG. Felicity standing to the left, holding caduceus and cornu-copise.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 123).
# 234. Obv.— GALLIEN [Y] S P. F. AVG. Head of Gallienus
to the right, radiated.
Rev.— FIDEI EQVITVM, within a laurel crown. A hole in it.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 137). A variety of this coin, with the obverse legend GALLIENVS P. AVG., is in the British Museum. (Med. Imp., No. 136.)
235. GALLIENUS. Rev.— IOVI CONSERVA. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 208.)
286. GALLIENUS. Eev.— IOVI CONSERVA. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 208.)
237. GALLIENUS. Eev.— IOVI CONSERVA. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 208.)
These last three varieties were selected for the difference of fabric.
# 238. Obv.— GALLIENVS AVG. Head of Gallienus to the
right, radiated.
R<sv.— IOVI VLTORI. Jupiter naked, standing to the left, looking to the right, carrying his mantle over left arm, and holding a thunderbolt. In the field to the left, S. In a setting.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 243), who says that there is in the field, V. I have been unable to discover it.
# 239. Obv.— GALLIENVS AVG. Bust of Gallienus to the
right, radiated, with the cuirass.
Eev.— LIBERAL. AVG. Liberality standing to the left, holding tessera and cornu-copiae. In the field to the left, S. Two holes in it.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 326).
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 13
#240. Obv.— GALLIENO PIO AVG. Bust of Gallienus to the left, laureated, with the palud amentum.
Rev.— PAX AVG. Peace standing to the left, holding branch of olive and a sceptre. In the field S. C. (PI. IV., No. 4.) Medallion, wt. 471 grs. A hole in it.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 17).
It will be observed that there are upon this medallion the letters S. C. It was in all probability, in any case on the reverse, struck from a large brass die, and the type of PAX AVG. is known to exist in that metal. A silver medallion of Gallienus, with the legend UBERALITAS AVGG. S. C., is published by Vaillant,25 from Banduri/6 who describes it as then existing in the collection of " D. Fontanus Eques Anglus." M. Cohen 27 also notices this latter piece, and considers it probably a large brass argente or sauce, but he has made no remarks on the gold medallion of the Blacas collection.
#241. Obv.— GALLLENVS AVG. Head of Gallienus to the right, laureated.
Rev. — PAX AVG. Peace standing to the left, holding a branch of olive and a sceptre.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 387).
#242. Ok'.— IMP. GALLIENVS AVG. COS. V. Head of
Gallienus to the right, laureated.
Rev.— VIET. GALLIENI AVG. Hercules naked, standing facing, looking to the left, holding a branch and a club, and carrying a lion's skin on his left arm. (PL IV., No. 5.) Medallion, wt. 215 +. A hole in it.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 22).
25 Num. Imp. Rom. Praest., vol. ii. p. 362.
26 Num. Imp. Rom., vol. i. p. 170.
27 Med. Imp., vol. iv. p. 351, note.
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
# 248. Obv.— GALLIENVS AVG. Head of Gallienus to the right, radiated.
Jfer.— VOTIS X ET. XX within a laurel wreath. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 710). A variety of this coin has been published by me from the Wigan collection (ATM/». Chron., N.S., vol. v. p. 56 ; engraved PI. IV., No. 12).
SALONINA.
#244. Obv.— CORN. SALONINA AVG. Bust of Salonina to the right, with diadem.
lice.— VENERI GENETRICI. Venus standing to the
left, holding an apple and a sceptre. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 74).
SALONINA AND GALLIENUS.
#245. Obv.— SALONINA AVG. Bust of Salonina to the right, with diadem.
Rev.— CONCORDIA AVGG. Busts of Gallienus and Salonina facing each other, the former laureated and with cuirass, the latter with diadem. (PI. IV., No. 6.) A hole in this piece.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3).
SALONINUS.
# 246. Obv.— VALERIANVS NOBIL. CAES. Bust of Salo- ninus to the right, bare, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev.— PRINC. IVVENTVTIS. Saloninus in military dress standing to the left, holding a wand and spear; behind, two standards. (PI. IV., No. 7.) A hole in it.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 53).
POSTUMUS.
# 247. 0&i;.— IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Pos- tumus to the right, with paludamentum and cuirass.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 15
Rev.— AETERNITAS AVG. Three radiated unbearded busts, of which, one is in the middle facing between two vis-a-vis. (PI. IV., No. 8.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3 ; engraved pi. ii.).
# 248. Obv.— IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Pos-
tumus to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev, — INVICTO AVG. Bust of Postunius to the left, radiated, with the cuirass, on which is the cegis, and holding a sceptre over the right shoulder. (PL IV., No. 9.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 73). A specimen of this coin in silver is described by Mionnet (Med. Rom., vol. ii. p. 70 ; engraved), from the Cabinet de M. Gosselin, and was sold when the rest of this gentleman's collection was dispersed, for 262 francs 50 cents. (Gosselin, Sale Cat., No. 1173, Paris, 1864).
249. Obv.— IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Pos- tumus to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
j&r.-— VIBTVS POSTVMI AVG. Bust of Postumus to the right, with a highly ornamented helmet and cuirass.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 197). A specimen of this coin is described in the Sale Catalogue of M. D. G. de A * * *, No. 768, Paris, 1867.
# 250. Obv. — Same legend as No. 249. Bust of Postumus to
the left, laureated, with the cuirass.
Rev. — Legend and type the same as No. 249. (PI. IV., No. 10.)
Unpublished.
The coin (No. 247) has been assigned by Caronni in the catalogue of the Hedervar Museum28 to JuniaDonata, the wife of Postumus, and he describes the bust in the middle as that of Junia Donata, between those of Pos- tumus father and Postumns son. M. Prosper Dupre29
28 See the note of Cohen, Med. Imp., vol. v. p. 14.
-IJ 7,W. yum., 1846, p. 20.
1 (*, NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
considers this piece a faithful imitation of that of Septimius Severus where the bust of Julia facing is between those of her sons, with the legend FELICITAS SAECVLI, aiid of that with the heads of Caracalla and Geta, and the legend AETERNITAS IMPERI. He is therefore of opinion that this piece represents the wife of Posturaus between her two children, but as their heads are very similar, he is not quite certain which is the son, and which the daughter, though he inclines to consider the bust on the left to be the son, and on the right the daughter?® M. Dupre has also assigned the date of A.D. 262 for its issue, connecting it with a gold coin bearing the date P.M. TR.P. IMP. V. COS. III. P.P., on which Postumus and an infant are sacrificing before an altar.31
As regards Junia Donata, it may be remarked that there is not the slightest proof of her being the wife of Postumus, the only authority being a spurious coin pub- lished by Chifflet, from Goltzius.32
It is therefore uncertain whom these three busts repre- sent.
The coins with the legend INVICTO AVG. (No. 248) have been attributed to Postumus the son by Mionnet,33 as also the billon coin with the legend PACATOR ORBIS,34 but M. Cohen 35 says that if these coins repre-
30 M. Charles Lenormant (Tresor de Num. Icon, des Emp. Horn., p. 101) considers the three busts to be those of males, and the three sons of Postumus.
31 Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 108.
32 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., vol. vii. p. 447. :!:! Med. Rom., vol. ii. p. 70, note.
34 M. Charles Lenormant (Tresor de Num. Icon, des Emp. .Row., p. 101) was also of opinion that the bust of this coin represented Postumus the .son.
35 M/'d. Imp., vol. v. p. 24, note 2.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DK BLACAS. 17
sent the son, then tliose also with the reverse legends VIRTVS POSTVMI AVG. (Nos. 249, 250; and VIR- TVTI AVG. in gold, and VIRTVS POSTVMI AVG. and VIRTVS AVG. in brass, represent him also, as the heads are all similarly bearded, and similarly old or young (a volontf).
Dr. Colson has also published 36 a large brass coin of Postumus from his collection, with the reverse legend, . . . CVLVM AVGG., "a lion walking to the right," and citing two others from Banduri, with the legends AD VENT VS AVGG. and MONETA AVGG., considers the two G's to refer to Postumus and his son,, and not to Postumus arid Victorious. But M. de Witte 37 has shown that there is no authority for the two G's on the coin quoted from Banduri ; and as to the one with . . . CVLVM AVGG. in Dr. Colson's collection, he states that it certainly was struck to inaugurate the association of Victorious to the kingdom.38 The type of a "lion" appears on both the coins by Postumus and Victorinus. He also says that the coin seems re-struck, and in all probability on a large brass coin of Philip I., with the legend SAECVLARES AVGG. M. de Witte quotes the second brass coin of Postumus son from the Museo San Clemente, and proves it to be an altered piece.
It does not seem to me that we have any authority for attributing coins to either Junia Donata or Postumus the son.
251. POSTUMUS. Rev.— INDVLG. PIA POSTVMI' AVG. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 71.)
36 Rev. Num., 1859, p. 423.
37 Rev. Num., 1859, p. 437.
38 Cf. Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vrt., vol. vii. p. 448.
VOL. VIII. N.S. D
18 MMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
* 252. (tbv.— IMP. C. POSTYMVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Pos- tumus to the right, laureated, with paln<l<.i- mentum.
lift-.— LIBERALITAS AVG. Postumus seated to the left in a curule chair on an estrade ; behind him a figure holding a wand (?). In front Liberality standing holding tessera and cornu-copias ; at the foot of the estrade a Roman mounting the stairs.
Published by Cohen (MM. 7m/)., No. 84).
#258. Obr.— POSTVMVS AVG. Bust of Postumus to the left, helmeted, with the cuirass ; on the helmet Victory in a biya to the left.
tor.— P.M. TR.P. IMP. V. COS. III. P.P. Postumus seated to the left on a curule chair, holding a globe and a sceptre.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 132).
* 254. Obr.— IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Pos-
tumus to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev.— P.M. TR.P. III. COS. III. P.P. Postumus veiled, standing to the left before a lighted tripod, and holding a patera and sceptre.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 119).
* 255. Obr.— POSTVMVS PIVS AVG. Head of Postumus to
the right, radiated and laureated.
Her.— P.M. TR.P. VII. COS. III. P.P. Mercury standing facing, holding a purse and a caduceus, looking to the right towards Postumus veiled, standing to the left, holding patera and sceptre, and sacrificing at an altar. (PI. IV., No. 11.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 125 ; engraved pi. ii.).
256. POSTUMUS. Tfrr.— PROVIDENTIA AVG. (Cohen,
M?d. Imp., No. 138.)
257. VICTOBINUS. Bev.— COMES AVG. (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 10.)
* 258. Mr.— IMP. VICTORINVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Vic-
torinus to the left, laureated, with the cuirass. and armed with a sceptre and shield.
GOLD COINS 01 THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 19
/frr.— ROMAE AETERNAE. Bust of Rome to the right, helmeted, under the traits of Victorina (?). (PL IV., No. 12.) Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 60 ; engraved pi. iii.).
I have already, iii a previous paper/9 called attention to this rare coin, and engraved 'the reverse. In all pro- bability the helmeted bust represents the portrait of Vic- torina, the wife of Victorinus.
259. TETBICUS I. KM.— AEQVITAS AVG. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 3.)
#260. Mr.— IMP. C. TETRICVS P. F. AVG. Head of Tetricus to the right, laureated.
Rei\— HILARITAS AVGG. Hilarity standing to the left between two children, holding a palm and a cornu-copias.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 7).
The same reverse may be found on a very rare gold coin of Tetricus I. and II., with the obverse legend IMPP. INVICTI PII AVG., described by Cohen40 as autrefois, Cabinet des Medailles, and now existing in the Museum collection ; and upon a gold coin of Tetricus II. in the Musee de 'Turin.*1
#261. Obr.— IMP. TETRICVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Tetricus I. to the right, laureated, with cuirass.
Her.— SALVS AVGG. Health standing to the left, holding patera and spear, and feeding a serpent, which is entwined round an altar.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 22).
#262. Obr.— IMP. C. G. P. ESV. TETRICVS AVG. Bust of Tetricus I. to the right, laureated, with
39 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. v. p. 88.
40 Med. Imp., No. 4. 11 Med. Imp., No. 1.
20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Her.— SPES PVBLICA. Hope walking to the left,
holding a flower, and raising her dress. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 25).
* 268. Obv.— IMP. TETRICVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Tetricus to the right, laureated, with cuirass.
Rev.— VIRTVS AVGG. Tetricus in military dress standing to the right, holding spear and globe, and placing left foot on a captive.
Unpublished. Varieties of this coin exist in the Museum collection and at Paris (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 35, 36).
264. CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS. Rev.— PAX EXERC. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 10.)
AUKELIAN.
#265. Obv.— IMP. C. L. DOM. AVRELIANVS AVG. Bust of Aurelian to the right, radiated, with the cuirass.
Rev.— APOLLINI CONS. Apollo, half-naked, seated to the left, holding a branch of laurel, and resting the left arm on a lyre. (PL V., No. 1.) Wt. 109-6 grs. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3).
The Emperor Aurelian showed great veneration for the sun, having evidently been early interested in its worship from his mother having exercised the functions of priestess in the town in which he was born, which is generally con- sidered to be Sirmiuru.42 After the siege of Palmyra in 272, Aurelian ordered the Temple of the Sun, which had been destroyed, to be restored,43 and eventually, in 274, built a magnificent temple at Rome for his own use. Many of his coins show his attachment to this deity.
44
42 Vopisc. In Aurel., 4. 13 Vopisc. In Aurel., 81.
44 Vopisc. In Aurel., 85. The sun is mentioned in other passages, 10, 14, 25, 28, 89.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 21
266. AURELIAN. Rev.—PM. TB. (sic] P. VII. COS. II. P.P. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 24.)
#267. Obv.— IMP. C. AVRELIANVS AVG. Bust of Aurelian to the right, radiated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Eev. — VIRTVS AVG. Mars naked, helnieted, his mantle flowing, running to the right, holding trophy and spear. Wt. 109'7 grs. Unpublished.
268. AURELIAN. Rev.— VIRTVS AVG. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 33. Cohen in his note mentions the Blacas specimen as weighing 109-6 grs., but this only weighs 89. I think he must allude to the coin described above (No. 267).)
* 269. Obv.— IMP. C. L. DOM. AVRELIANVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Aurelian to the right, laureated, with l><ihidamentum and cuirass.
Rev.— VIRTVS AVG. ' Mars naked, helmeted, walking to the right, holding spear and trophy ; at his feet a captive seated with his hands tied behind his back. A hole in this piece.
A variety of Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 35) where the bust of Aurelian has only the cuirass. This coin is in the Museum collection.
270. SEVEBINA. Rev.— CONCORDLAE MILITVM. (Cohen, Med. Imp. No. 1. An unpublished variety in the Museum has in the exergue the letter R for Romce.)
TACITUS.
#271. Obv.— IMP. C. M. CL. TACITVS AVG. Bust of
Tacitus to the right, laureated, with paludamen- tum and cuirass.
Rev.— PAX PVBLICA. Peace standing to the left,
holding olive-branch and sceptre. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 4).
272. TACITUS. Rev.— ROMAE AETERNAE. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 9.)
NUMISMATIC CHROMCLK.
273. TACITUS, her.— ROMAE AETERNAE. (Cohen, Imp., No. 12, and note. PI. V., No. 2.
FLORIAN.
274. Obv.— VIRTVS FLORIANI AVG. Bust of Florian to the left, laureated, with cuirass, and holding sceptre and shield.
Jfei*.— VICTORIA PERPET. Victory standing to the
right, placing her left foot on a helmet (?), and
writing xxx on a shield, which is resting on the
trunk of a tree. (PI. V., No. 3.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 7; engraved pi. vii.).
PllOBUS.
# 275. Obv.— IMP. C. PROBVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Probus to the left, helmeted, armed with spear and shield.
Eev.— ADVENTVS AVG. Probus in military dress on horseback to the left, raising the right hand, and holding a spear; he is preceded by Victory holding a palm. (PL V., No. 4.)
Unpublished. A variety of this coin, with a soldier following Probus, and in the field two standards, is published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 9) from
276. Obv.— IMP. C. M. AVR. PROBVS AVG. Bust of Probus to the right, laureated, with paludamen- tum and cuirass.
Rev.— HERCVLI INMORTALI (sic). Hercules naked, walking to the right, and looking behind him, holding a club and lion's skin, and dragging Cerberus after him. (PI. V. No. 5.) Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 18).
This type, which commemorates the twelfth and last labour of Hercules, after which he received immortality, first occurs on a rare billon coin of Postunms, preserved in the Vienna Museum, which was published and engraved
GOLD COINS OF TIT F. LATR DUKE DE BLACAS. 23
by M. de Witte in his article <( On some Inedited Coins of Postumus.45 It is again reproduced on an aureus of Maximian Hercules struck at Treves, and now existing in the Paris collection.46 On some of his coins Probus styled himself Hercules Romanus Aug.,47 in imitation of Corn- modus and Postumus.
#277. Oftr.— IMP. C. M. AYR. PROBVS AVG. Bust of Probus to the right, laureated, with cuirass, but showing a small portion of the palud amentum.
Her.— MARS VICTOR. Mars helmeted, naked, with flowing mantle, walking to the right, holding spear and trophy.
Published by Cohen (Ned. Imp., No. 21) from Ctn/lux.
#278. Oft*'.— IMP. C. M. AYR. PROBVS AVG. Bust of Probus to the right, laureated, with paluda- mentum&nd cuirass.
LV,'.— ORIENS AVG. The Sun radiated, half-naked, standing to the left, raising the right hand, and holding a globe ; in the exergue SIS. (Sisciat).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 23).
279. PROBUS. Rer.— SECVRITAS SAECVLI. In exergue SIS. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 35. The obv. leg. differs from Cohen, being IMP. C. M. AVR. PROBVS P. AVG., and not P. F. AVG.)
# 280. O/T.— IMP. PROBVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Probus to the left, laureated, with the agis strapped on left shoulder, and holding a spear.
Rev.— VICT. PROBI AVG. Rome helmeted, seated to the left, holding a sceptre ; in front two soldiers, of whom one holds a Victory and the other a standard ; in the field another standard ; in the exergue, a wreath. (PL V., No. 6.) Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 52).
45 Rev. Num., 1844, p. 845. J« Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 46. Cohen. Mrd. Imp., No. 19.
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLK.
CARUS.
#281. Obv.— IMP. C. M. HAR. (sic) C. RVS P. F. AVG.
Bust of Carus to the right, laureated, with palu- damentum and cuirass.
Rev.— VIRTAS (sic) CA. . . . NNAICTI (sic) AAG. (sic). Hercules naked, standing to the right, placing his right hand behind him, and holding club, surmounted with lion's skin, placed on a rock. In the exergue, K.
Unpublished. Of very barbarous workmanship. The real coin, with the legend VIRTVS CARI INVICTI AVG., is pre- served at Vienna (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 19).
CARUS AND CARINUS.
# 282. Obv.— IMP. C. M. AVR. KARVS AVG. Bust of Carus
to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Eev.~ KARINVS NOBIL. CAES. Bust of Carinus to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 8).
NUMERIAN.
#288. Obv.— NVMAERIANVS (sic) NOB. CAES. Bust of Numerian to the right, laureated, with paludamen- tum and cuirass.
Rev.— VICTORIA CAESARIS. Victory in a biga,
galloping to the left, holding wreath and palm. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 9).
284. CARINUS. Rev.— VIRTVS AVG. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 29.)
286. MAGNIA URBICA. Rev.— VENERI VICTRICI. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 8; engraved pi. xi.)
DIOCLETIAN.
* 286. Ok'.— IMP. C. G. (?) VAL. DIOCLETIANVS P. F.
AVG. Head of Diocletian to the right, bare ; below, an incuse branch.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 25
Rev.— IOVI CONSERVATOKI. Jupiter naked, stand- ing to the left, the mantle hanging behind him, holding a globe surmounted by a Victory (who holds wreath and palm-branch and a sceptre) ; at his feet an eagle, holding in its beak a crown ; in the exergue, S. M. N. (PL V., No 7.) Medal- lion, wt. 829'8 grains.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3 ; engraved pi. xi.).
This magnificent medallion has also been published and engraved by M. Sabatier.48 Neither this gentleman nor the artist has noticed the incuse branch under the head of Diocletian.49 The letters S. M. N. (Siynata Moneta Nicomedice) allude to Nicomedia, which was established at the time of the monetary reform under Diocletian, and not to Narbonne, as proposed by M. Sahatier. It is a piece of 10 aurei, weighing 829'8 grains; but the full weight of the aureus of Diocletian being 83*4 grains, this piece is slightly under weight, as it should have weighed 834 grains. M. Sabatier has given its weight as 53 '6 grammes (827'5 grains), and M. Cohen at 53'5 grammes (826 grains), both of which must be incorrect.
A very similar gold medallion, with the seated figure of Jupiter, and with the mint-mark ALE (Alexandria), exists in the Bibliotheque.5Q M. Cohen informs me that it weighs 53-59 grammes (827*4 grains). There was another specimen of this latter medallion published in 1847 by M. Meynaerts,51 evidently much worn. It is recorded as weighing 801*3 grains.
18 Eev. Num., 1859, pi. xii., No. 2.
49 In Cohen's description and plate (Med. Imp., No. 3, pi. xi.) there is the same omission.
50 Cf. Eev. Num., 1859, pi. xii., No. 1. Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 2", pi. xi.
51 llev. Num. Beige, vol. iii., p. 3. pi. i., No. 2.
VOL. VIII. N.S. E
26 M'M ISMAT1C CHRONICLE.
* 287. <H,t -.— IMP. C. C. VAL. DIOCLETIANVS P. F. AVG.
Bust of Diocletian to the right, radiated, with cuirass.
/;,,.— IOVI CONSERVAT. AVGG. Jupiter naked, standing to the left, with a mantle hanging be- hind him, holding thunderbolt and sceptre.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 81) erroneously as existing in the Musee Brit«)nti</i«'.
* 288. Obv. — The same legend as No. 287. Bust of Diocletian
to the right, laureated, with palndttmentum and cuirass.
Eev.—IWI CONSERVAT. AVGG. Same type as No. 288.
Published 'by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 32) erroneously as existing in the Musee BrUanniyue.
* 289. Obv.— IMP. DIOCLETIANVS AVG. Bust of Diocle-
tian to the right, laureated, with palndamentum.
Bev.—IOVI CONSERVAT. AVG. Same type, but Jupiter has the mantle hanging on left shoulder. Quinariiis.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 40). It is AVG., and not AVGG.
290. DIOCLETIAN. Eev.— IOVI FVLGERATORI. In excryue
P.R. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 60.)
291. DIOCLETIAN. AVr.— VICTORIA AVG. (Cohen, Med.
., No. 80.)
MAXIMIAN HERCULES.
#292. Ohr.— MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS. Head of Maxi-
mian to the left, laureated.
/iVr. — COS. II. Maximian in military dress on horse- back to the right, raising his right hand. A hole in it.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 25). 298. MAXIMIAN HKECULES. Rev.— IOVI CONSERVAT. AVGG. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 61.)
! Obv. IMP. M. AVR. VAL. MAXIMIANVS AVG.
GOLD COINS OF THK LATE DUKE I)E 1JLACAS. 27
Bust of Maxiinian Hercules to the right, laureated, with cuirass.
/,Vr.— IOVI CONSERVAT. Jupiter half-naked, seated to the left, holding Victory and sceptre.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 56).
# 295. Obc.— IMP. C. M. A. MAXIMIANVS AVG. Bust of
Maximian Hercules to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
/.Vr.— VIRTVTI HERCVLIS. Hercules naked, stand- ing to the right, with his right hand behind him, and leaning on a club placed on a rock ; in the i>.reiyue SC. (Siscia?).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 106).
# 296. 06i-.— MAXIMIANVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Maximum
Hercules to the right, covered with lion's skin.
/.V,-.— HERCVLI DEBELLAT. Hercules fighting the hydra, and seizing one of his heads in his left hand, holding a club in his right ; in the e.i-cn/iH' . P. ROM. (Prima Roma). (PL V., No. 8.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 43). The ejceryual letters incorrectly given as PRON.
# 297. Obc.— MAXIMIANVS P. F. AVG. Head of Maximian
Hercules to the right, laureated.
Rer.— HERCVLI VICTORI. Hercules naked, seated facing on a rock ; on the right a club, and on the left a bow and quiver ; in the exergue P. R. (Prim a Pioma).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 54 ; engraved pi. xiii.).
# 298. Obc.— MAXIMIANVS P. F. AVG. Head of Maximian
Hercules to the right, laureated.
lit'i'.— VIRTVS AVGG. Hercules strangling a lion ; behind him a club ; in the e.venjue P. R. (Prinm Roma).
ALLECTUS.
# 299. Obc.— IMP. C. ALLECTVS P. F. I. AVG. Bust of
Allectus to the right, laureated, with cuirass.
28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
/,Vr.— VIKTVS AYG. Soldier helmeted, standing to the right, holding a spear, and leaning on a shield ; in the exergue M. S. L. (Moneta siynuta Londinio). (PL V., No. 9.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 10), who describes the obverse legend as IMP. C. ALLECTVS FEL. AVG. The letters are, however, P.F.I. (Invictm). This legend also occurs upon the copper coins of Allectus struck at Camulodunum.
According to the interesting paper of Mr. de Salis, " On the Roman Coins struck in Britain/'52 the coins of Allectus, with the mint-mark of London, were struck between 293 and 296.
CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS.
* 300. Obv.— FL. VAL. CONSTANTIVS NOB. CAES. Bust of Constantius Chlorus to the right, radiated, showing portion of paludamentum.
Rev.— PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. Constantius stand- ing to the right, laureated, and in military dress, holding a spear and globe ; in the exergue P. ROM. (Prima Roma). (PL V., No. 10.) Small medallion. Wt. 198 grains.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 6).
#301. Obv.— CONSTANTIVS N. C. Head of Constantius Chlorue to the right, laureated.
I in:— COMITATVS AVGG. Two horsemen in mili- tary dress galloping to the left ; the outside one carries a spear ; in the exergue P. T. (Prima Tar- raconi).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 7).
The two horsemen here represent Maximian Hercules Augustus and his Caesar Constantius Chlorus. A gold coin of Diocletian of a similar type is described by Cohen as autrefois, Cabinet de France,5* and the horsemen here
>2 Xinn. ( 'It rou., X.S., vol. vii. p. 57. 53 Mr,l. Imp., No. 6.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 29
represent Diocletian and Maxiurian Augusti. A similar coin was also issued by Maximian Hercules, which is preserved at Paris.54 Both these coins have the exergual letters P. R. (Prima Romce). The similar coin of the Caesar Galerius Maximian also exists at Paris,55 but the description and engraving are both defective in not recording the exergual letters. In all probability, the set of four was issued both. at Rome and at Tarraco.
GALERIUS MAXIMIAN.
# 302. Obi'.— MAXIMIANVS CAES. Head of Galerius Maxi-
mian to the right, laureated.
Rev.— PROVIDENTIA AVGG. Praetorian camp ; in the exert/lie P. R. (Prima Roma).
Unpublished.
VALERIA.
# 303. Olc.— GAL. VALERIA AVG. Bust of Valeria to the
right, with diadem.
Rev.— VENERI VICTRICI. Venus standing to the left, holding an apple and raising her veil ; in the field a crescent and £ ; in the exergue S. M. SD. (Signata Moneta Serdica). (PL Vi, No. 11.) Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1).
# 304. Obv.— GAL. VALERIA AVG. Bust of Valeria to the
right, with diadem and with crescent.
Rev. — Same legend and type as No. 804 ; nothing in the field; in the exergue SIS. (Siscias). (PL V., No. 12.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 4; engraved pi. xvi.) from the Cabinet de M. Hoffmann.
The Museum now possesses four out of the five speci- mens of the gold coinage of this empress at present known
54 Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 8.
55 Cohen, MecL Imp., No. 4 ; engraved pi. xvi.
30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to exist. They were issued, as I have already pointed out/6 at Nicomedia (Cab. des Medailles, British Museum), at Antioch (Wigan coll., now British Museum), at Serdica, and at Siscia (both formerly in the Blacas collection, and now in the British Museum).
MAXIMINUS DAZA.
# 305. Obi'.— MAXIMINVS AVGVSTVS. Head of Maximiims Daza to the right, laureated.
Eev'.—IO\I CONSERVATORI AVGG. Jupiter naked, standing to the left, holding thunderbolt and sceptre ; at his feet an eagle holding a wreath ; in thejield 1C. In the exeryue S. M. TS. (S'ujnatn Moneta Thessatomcce).
Published by Cohen (MM. Lnj>., No. 8).
806. MAXIMINUS DAZA. Rev.— PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. In
the exeryue S. M. SD. (Cohen, MM. Imp., No. 14.)
307. LICINIUS I. Bec.—IOYL CONS. LICINI AVG. In ex-
enjite S. M. N. E. (Cohen, Med. Ii/>i>., No. 18. For an explanation of the legend OBDV FILII SVI on the obverse, see XIIIH. Chron., N.S., vol. ii. p. 44.)
#308. Obi-.— LICINIVS P. F. AVG. Head of Licinius I. to the right, laureated.
Rev.— MARTI CONSERVATORI. Mars standing facing, looking to the right, holding spear, and resting on shield ; in the exeryue P. R. (Prima Roum).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 21) from the Ancien (.'uttdoijue ilu Cabinet <le France.
* 309. Obv.— IMP. LICINIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Licinius I. to the right, laureated, with jHtltidnmciihun and cuirass.
Rev.— PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. Licinius laureated, in military dress to the right, holding spear and globe ; in the e.i-eiyn? P. OST. and star (Pr'unn Ostia). Quinnrhiif.
Published by Cohen (MM. Ym^., No. 23).
56 \l(>n. Chrou., N.S., vol. v. p. 101.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 31
For an account of the mint of Ostia, see Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii. p. 46.
# 310. Obv.— LICINIVS AVGVSTYS. Head of Licinius I.
to the right, laureated.
7iVr.— SIC. X. SIC. XX. S.M. A. B. (Signata Moneta Antiochicc 2) within a wreath of laurel.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 28).
#311. Obv.— LICINIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Licinius I. to the right, laureated, with paludanientwn and cuirass.
Tfev.— VBIQVE VICTOEES. Licinius I. laureated and in military dress, standing to the right, hold- ing spear and globe ; on either side of him a captive ; in the exergue P. TR. (Prima Treveris).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 29) from the Cabinet de M. Hoffmann.
# 312. Obv.— IMP. LICINIVS AVG. Bust of Licinius I. to
the right, laureated, with cuirass.
Eev.— IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG. Jupiter half- naked, seated to the left, holding thunderbolt and spear; in the cxtrgue TR. (Treveris). Quhuirhix. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 15).
LICINIUS II.
# 313. Obv.— LICINIVS IVN. NOB. CAES. Bust of Lici-
nius II. to the right, laureated, wfo paludamentum
and cuirass.
I in:— PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. Licinius II. lau- reated, in military dress, standing to the right, holding spear and globe. Qiiinarius. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 5).
CONSTANTINE I.
#314. Oit-.— IMP. CONSTANTINVS AVG. Bust of Con- stantine I. to the right, laureated, with orna- mented cuirass.
32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
/^r.— PONT. MAX. TRIE. P.P.P. PROGS (sic). Con- stantino I. seated to the left on a curule chair, holding a globe and sceptre. In the exenjiie TR. (7Vm.'w). Qttimtrius.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 81 ; engraved pi. iii.).
315. CONSTANTINE I. Rev.— GLORIA EXERCITVS GALL. In the exergue P. TR. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 63.)
# 316. Obv.— CONSTANTIIINS P. F NNG. (.sic). Head of
Constantine I. to the right, laureated.
Bev.— SECIIPITAS PEIPETIIAE (sic). Constantino
in military dress standing to the left, crowning a
trophy and holding a sceptre ; at the foot of the
trophy a helmet, shield, and cuirass ; in the
" exergue SINN. (sic).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 94) from the Cabinet de M. Rollin. Of very barbarous work.
317. CONSTANTINE I. Rev.— GAVDIVM ROMANORVM. In the exergue ALAMANNIA. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 59.)
# 318. Obv.— CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Head of Con-
stantine I. to the right, laureated.
Jto,.— GAVDIVM ROMANORVM. Trophy, composed of cuirass, helmet, shields, and spears, at the foot of which are seated two captives ; in the exergue FRAN. ET ALAM. S. M. T. (Fran da et Alamannia. Signata Moneta Thessalonicce). (PL VI., No. 1.)
Unpublished.
In the year A.D. 306, after the death of his father, Con- stantius Chlorus, Constantine the Great waged war against the Fraud and the Alamanni, and is said to have used great cruelty towards these conquered nations;57 the latter
57 " Csesis FruiiciK atque Alamiimiis reges eorurn cepit, et iis, cum nui^nificuni spectaculummnnoris parasset, objecit."
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 33
nation being again subdued in A.D. 3 II.58 There is not much doubt but that the coins of Constantine, with 'the legend GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, and the exergual inscriptions FRANCIA and ALAMANNIA/9 were first issued about the year A.D. 306. The issue of coins with the legend ALAMANNIA was again continued by Con- stantine I. in A.D. 317, when Crispus, Constantine II., and Licinius II. were made Ccesars. The Blacas specimen of the coin of Constantine I. (No. 318) affords an example of this series, and the coins of Crispus and Constantine II. may be found published by Cohen.60
All the coins above mentioned, with the exception of the Blacas specimen (No. 318), were struck at Treves, and to the pieces already quoted, struck at this town relating to these victories, may be added the rare gold coin published by Cohen,61 from Morell,62 of which the fol-
— Eutrop. x. 3. Ludi Francici are mentioned in the Fasti of Philocalus (A.D. 354) as being celebrated from the 15th to the 20th of July (Corp. Inscr. Lat., ed. Mommsen, vol. i. p. 346), but it is not certain whether these games commenced from the victory of Constantine over the Fraud in A.D. 306, or at the peace established with them by Constantius II. in A.D. 342 (cf. Mommsen, op. cit. p. 397).
58 " Chamavos, Cheruscos, Vangionas, Alamannos, Tubantes." — Nazarius, Panegyr., c. xviii. p. 585 ; Clinton, F. R., vol. ii. p. 87.
59 Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 59—61.
60 Crispus, Med. Imp., No. 7; Constantine II., No. 26; the latter from Schetterscheim. A quinarius of Crispus, with the exergual inscription FRANCIA, is also published by Cohen (No. 7) from the Ancien Catalogue du Cabinet des McdniUes. This coin may refer to the victory of Crispus over the Franks in 320 (Clinton, F. R., vol. i. p. 372). Small brass coins of Crispus, with the legend ALAMANNIA DEVICTA, and struck at Sirmium, were also issued (Cohen, Nos. 29, 30).
61 Med. Imp., No. 62.
62 Specimen Umversa Eei Nunuiutr'ue Antiqua, p. 82, pi. vii. Leipzig, 8vo. 1695. It is not published in the edition of 1683.
VOL. VIII. N.S. F
34 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
lowing is a description : — Obv. Three-quarter bust of Constantino I. to the left, with the nimbus, in the impe- rial consular dress, holding a globe on which is a Victory, and the mappa. Rev. Trophy between two captives ; in the exergue FRANC. ET ALAM. TR. This remarkable piece, as we learn from Morell, was formerly in the collec- tion of the Count of Schwarzburg, but its present possessor, or even its existence, is now not known. The doubt that might be raised against it on account of the nimbus is removed by the fact that another rare gold coin with similar obverse, but with the reverse legend VICTORIOSO SEMPER, and in the exergue S. M. T. (Signata Moneta Thessalonica) , is described by Cohen,63 as autrefois^ Cabinet des Medailles, and that a rare brass medallion, representing on the reverse Constantine with the nimbus, and struck at Rome,64 and also a fine gold medallion of Fausta, with a female figure with the nimbus on the reverse, are both still extant, and preserved in the Cabinet des Medailles at Paris.65 The nimbus is of frequent occurrence on the coins of Constantino's successors. It affords no proof of the Christianity of Constantine, as monuments show that the nimbus was prevalent under Claudius, Trajan/6 and Anto- ninus Pius.67
63 Med. Imp., No. 148.
64 Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 168.
65 Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 1, vol. vi. p. 182, note 1.
66 Sabatier, Mon. Byz., vol. i. p. 32, quoting from Ludolf Stephanus, Nimbus und Strahlenkranz in den Werken der Alter Kunst, 4to. St. Petersburg, 1859. I have been unable to verify this reference.
67 On a large brass coin of this emperor, published and en- graved by Oiselius (Thes. Num. Antiq., 4to. Amstel. 1677, p. 371, pi. Ixvii. No. 1), but he has omitted to notice that the nimbus is surrounded with spikes, so that it becomes a rcnluitetl
GOLD COINS OK THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 35
It cannot, however, be safely asserted that either of the rare gold coins of Constautine with the nimbus is genuine, more especially the former, as the same reverse type of FRAN. ET ALAM., and with the usual style of ob- verse, was issued at another mint, that of Thessalonica (S. M. T.), and the piece is still extant (Blacas, No. 318). This coin was issued about A.D. 317.
319. CONSTANTINE I. Bev.— CONSTANTINVS AVG. In the exeryue S. M. TS. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 43.)
0 320. Obv. — No legend. Head of Constantine I. to the right, with diadem.
llc'i'.— GLORIA CONSTANTINI AVG. Constantine standing to the left between two seated captives, holding a globe, surmounted by a Victory and a spear; in the field S. ; in the exergue S. M. N. (Signata Monc'ta NicomeduB). Small medallion. Wt. 97-3 grs. A hole in it.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 16).
321. CONSTANTINE I. Bey.— VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG. In the exergue S. M. N. C. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 181.)
822. CONSTANTINE I. Rev.— EQVIS ROMANVS. In the
exergue S. M. N. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 8.) Small medallion.
823. CONSTANTINE I. Eev.— VICTORIA CONSTANTINI
AVG. In the exergue M. TS. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 121.)
* 324. Obv.— CONSTANTINVS MAX. AVG. Bust of Con- stantine I. to the right, with diadem, and with paludamentum and cuirass.
/^.—VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG. Victory seated to the right on cuirass, holding a shield
nimbus. A specimen of this coin is in the Museum collection. Cohen, in publishing this coin, or one of similar typo (Med. Imp., No. 559), does not mention this peculiarity.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
on which is inscribed VOT. XXXX., and which is presented to her by a genius ; behind her a shield ; in the exergue CONS. (Constanti-
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 132).
825. CONSTANTINE I. Rw.— VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG. In the exergue S. M. TS. (Cf. Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 120.)
* 32G. Obe.— CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Head of Con-
stantine I. to the right, laureated.
Jfcr.—VICTORIBVS AVGG. NN. VOTIS X. ET XX.
Victory in a facing quadriga, holding a wreath and palm; in the exergue P. TR. (Prima Treveris).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 142).
* 327. Obv.— CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Con-
stantine I. to the right, laureated, with paluda- mentum and cuirass.
fe.— VICTORIBVS AVGG. NN. VOTIS. Victory seated to the right on a cuirass, holding a shield, on which is inscribed XXX., and which is pre- sented to her by a genius ; behind her a shield ; in the exergue P. TR. (Prima Treveris).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 141), but incorrectly, for he describes before the Victory " a trophy at the foot of which a barbarian seated to the left and turning his head."
Another coin of the same legend and date as this one, but with the type of a facing Victory holding next her chest a shield, on which are the figures XXX., exists in the British Museum. Of the apparently similar specimen in the Vienna Museum, Eckhel 68 has written — " Olim in hoc numo legi XXX. pro XX., ut videre est in Catalogo Musei Caosarei. Verum cum Vota XXX. cum AVGG. NN. componi non possint, attentius eum iterum inspexi, et patuit superiores clypei flexus rov X. speciem pnebere ;"
68 Doct. Num. Vet., vol. viii. p. 91.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 37
and Cohen69 has doubtless described the coin from Eckhel's alteration.70 I should, however, be much inclined to con- sider this coin to be identical with the one in the Museum. A coin of Licinius in the Blacas collection, with the legend VBIQVE VICTORES (No. 311), of identical fabric, which is especially noticeable in the bust, shows that the style of coin must have been issued before the war with Liciuius in A.D. 323, and as the Vicennalia of Constautiiie were not celebrated till A.D. 325,71 it follows that Constantine continued this system of coinage for a short time after the defeat and death of Licinius, altering the legend to VICTOEIBVS AVGG. NN. VOTIS XXX. The letters AVGG. NN., which were the cause of EekheFs remark, evidently refer to the whole Constantmian family. These pieces weigh 83 + grains, and were probably issued as memorial coins, the average weight of the aureus being 08 grains.
* 328. Obv.— CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Head of Con- stantine I. to the right, laureated.
EKV.— VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM. Constantine I. in military dress, standing to the left, holding globe and spear, and crowned by Victory behind him, who holds a palm. In the exergue S. M. T. (Signata Moneta Thessalonica.) A hole in it.
Unpublished.
329. CONSTANTINE I. Eev.— VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL.
In the exergue SIS. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 148.)
69 Med. Imp., No. 140. '
70 The late M. Arneth (Synop. Num. Antiq. Vindob., part ii. p. 196, Vienna, 1842) has also described this piece with XX., and with a reference to Eckhel. I can hardly think that he could have verified the coin.
71 Clinton, Fast. Horn., vol. i. p. 378.
38 NUMISMATIC CIIIIONICLK.
FAUSTA.
* 880. Obc.— FL. MAX. FAVSTA. AVG. Bust of Fausta to the right.
Rev.— SPES EEIPVBLICAE. Fausta standing facing, looking to the left, holding two infants in her arms ; in the exergue R., a crown, and P. (Roma Prima).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3) incorrectly, for he gives the obverse legend as FLAV. MAX., &c.
Cohen72 suggests, as 1 have already previously pointed out,73 that the two infants represent Constantine II. and Constans, and that the coin was issued in A.D. 317 or 318-
381. HELENA, WIFE OF CONSTANTIUS I. AND MOTHER OF CON- STANTINE I. Rev.— SECVRITAS KEIPVBLICE (sic). In the exergue S. M. N. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 1. The Museum now possesses all three of the gold coins of Helena, struck respectively at Sirmium, Thessalonica, and Nicomedia; cf. F. W. Madden, Num. Chron., N.S., vol. v. p. 114, pi. ix. No. 9 ; F. W. Madden, Handbook of Bom. Num., pi. v. No. 1.)
CRISPUS.
# 332. Obv.— No legend. Head of Crispus to the right, with diadem.
Rev.— CRISPVS CAESAR. Victory walking to the left, holding wreath and palm ; in the excrijiic SIRM. (Sirmio).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 2 ; engraved pi. v.)
0833. Obv.—YL. IVL. CRISPVS NOB. CAES. Bust of Crispus to the left, laureated, with paludainentuni and cuirass.
Rev.— FELIX PROCESSVS COS. III. Crispus stand- ing to the left, holding globe and sceptre ; in the exergue SIRM. (Sirmio).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 5 ; engraved pi. v.).
72 Med. Imp., vol. vi. p. 182, note '2.
73 Num. <'/<K»I., N.S., vol. v. p. 113.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 39
CONSTANTINE II.
# 334. Obv.— CONSTANTINVS IVN. NOB. CAES. Bust of
Constantine II. to the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
^.—VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAES. Victory seated to the right on cuirass and shield, hold- ing on her knee a shield, which is supported by a genius, and on which is VOT. X. ; in the exergue SIRM. (Sirmio).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 46).
CONSTANS.
# 335. Obv.—FL. IVL. CONSTANS AVG. Bust of Constans
to the right, laureated, with paludamentwn and cuirass.
j^y._SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE. Security stand- ing facing, with her legs crossed, looking to the right, placing her right hand on her head, and leaning on a column ; in the exergue TR. (Treveris).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 49), but not quite cor- rectly.
# 336. Obv.— CONSTANS P. F. AVG. Bust of Constans to
the right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev.— VICTORIA DD. NN. AVGG. Victory walking to the left, holding wreath and palm ; in the exergue TR. (Treveris]. Quinarius.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 69).
CONSTANTIUS II.
337. Obv.—FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS PERP. AVG. Bust of Constantius II. to the left, with diadem, and with palud a men tnni and cuirass.
Rev.— GLORIA ROMANORVM. Constantinople, tur- reted (?), seated to the left, holding a globe, on which is a Victory, with palm and wreath, and a sceptre, and placing her left foot on the prow of a vessel ; in the exenjue S. M. ANT. (Siynata
40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Antiochia). (PI. VI., No. 2.) Medallion. Wt. 802 grs.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 28). It is not quite certain whether the female figure on this medallion is turreted ; but it is positively & fillet on the head of the figure on the large medallion described incorrectly by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 30).
# 338. Obv. — Same legend and type as No. 337.
Rev.— GLORIA ROMANORVM. Rome helmeted, seated facing, holding a globe on which is a Victory and a spear on the same seat as Con- stantinople, turreted, holding a globe, on which is a Victory and a sceptre, and placing her right foot on the prow of a vessel ; in the exeryue S. M. ANT. (SignataMonetaAntiochioi). (PL VI., No. 3.) Small medallion. Wt. 137 -f- grs.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 27). 0 339. Obv.— Same legend and type as No. 337.
Rev.— GLORIA ROMANORVM. Constantius II. stand- ing facing in a quadriga, throwing money from his right hand, and holding in his left a sceptre surmounted by an eagle, which holds in its beak a crown ; in the exergue S. M. ANT. (Siynntu Moneta Antiochicr). (PI. VI., No. 4.) Small medallion. Wt. 82 -f- grs.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 31 ; engraved pi. vii. bis).
0340. Obv.— CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS. Bust of Con- stantius II. to the right, with diadem, and with paludamentum and cuirass.
lfet,._VICTORIAE DD. NN. AVGG. Two Victories standing holding a shield, on which VOT. XX. MVLT. XXX. ; in the exergue TR. (Trevens). Small medalh'on. Wt. 81 grs.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 44).
* 841. Obv.— FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS NOB. CAES. Bust
of Constantius II. to the left, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Eev.— CONSTANTIVS CAESAR. Victory walking to the left, holding wreath and palm ; in the <>.mv////' CONS. (Constantinopoli).
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 58).
GOLD COINS OF THE LATK DUKE DE BLACAS. 41
342. CONSTANTIUS II. Rev. — GLORIA REIPVBLICAE.
In the exergue R. S. M. Q. and palni. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 80.)
343. CONSTANTIUS II. Rev. — GLORIA REIPVBLICAE.
In the exergue TES. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 86.)
344. DELMATIUS. Rev.— DELMATIVS CAESAR. In the
exergue CONS. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 1.)
345. VETRANIO. Rev.— SALVATOR REIPVBLICAE. In
the exergue SIS. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 2.)
DECENTIUS.
#346. Obv.— D. N. DECENTIVS FORT. CAES. Bust of Decentius to the right, bare, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Jki-.— VICTORIA AVG. LIB. ROMANOR. Victory and Liberty standing, holding a trophy ; in the exergue TR. (Treveris).
Unpublished variety, the usual reverse legend being VIC- TORIA CAES., etc. A specimen of this variety struck at Rome (R. P.) exists in the Paris collection.
347. CONSTANTIUS GALLUS. Rev.— GLORIA REIPVBLICAE.
In the exergue TR. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 9.)
348. JULIAN II. Rev.— VIRTVS EXERC. GALL. In the
exergue KONS^. (CONSTANTINA = Aries). (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 25 ; engraved pi. xi.)
349. JULIAN II. Rev.— VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANO-
RVM. In the exergue ANT. B. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 29.)
350. JOVIAN. Rev.— SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE (sic). In
the exergue SIRM. and palm. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 8.)
351. 352. VALENTINIAN I. Rev.— RESTITVTOR REIPVB-
LICAE. In the exergue # ANT. 0. #, and KONS'N. (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 24, 25.) 353. VALENTINIAN I. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. In the exergue TR. OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 83.)
#354. Obv.— D. N. VALENTINIANVS P. F. AV. Bust of Valentinian I. to the right, with diadem, and with paludamentum and cuirass.
VOL. vm. N.s. o
42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Her.— VICTORIA DD. NN. AVG. Victory walking to the left, holding wreath and palm ; in the field to left a star ; in the exergue LVG. (Lugduno). (PL VI., No. 5.) Quinarius.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 39).
856, 856, 357. VALENS. Rev.— RESTITVTOR REIPVB- LICAE. In the exergue ANT. r # ; # ANT. T. #; # CONS, and wreath. (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 85, 36, 84.)
GRATIAN.
358. Qbv.—D. N. GRATIANVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Gratian
to the right, with diadem, and with paludamentwn and cuirass.
Rev.— GLORIA ROMANORVM. Rome helmeted, seated facing, holding a globe and a sceptre ; in the exergue TR. OB. T. (PL VI., No. 6.) Medallion. Wt. 308 grs. Has had a ring.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1).
359. GRATIAN. Rev.— GLORIA ROMANORVM. In the
exergue TR. OB. T. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 2.) Small medallion. Wt. 138 grs.
360. GRATIAN. Rev.— PRINCIPIVM IVVENTVTIS. In
the exergue S.M. TR. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 21.) See Num. Chron., N.S., vol. v. p. 347.
861. GRATIAN. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. In the exergue CON.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 27.)
362. GRATIAN. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. In the exergue
COM. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 24.)
363. VALENTINIAN II. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. In the
exergue COM. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 17.)
864. VALENTINIAN II. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. In the
exergue TR.OB.C. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 16.)
865. THEODOSIUS I. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. T. In the
field, SM. (Sirmio) ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 21.)
866. FLACCILLA. Eev.— SALVS REIPVBLICAE. S. In the
exergue CON.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 1.)
GOLD COINS OF THE 1.ATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 45
367. MAGNUS MAXIMUS. Rev.— RESTITVTOR REIPVB-
LICAE. In the exergue S. M. Til. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 6.)
368. MAGNUS MAXIMUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. In the
exergue TR. OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 8.)
369. MAGNUS MAXIMUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM.
In the exergue S. M. TR. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 10.) Qidnarius.
EUGENIUS.
370. Obv.—D. N. EVGENIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Euge-
nius to the right, with diadem, and with paluda- mentum and cuirass.
Rev.— GLORIA ROMANORVM. Rome and Constan- tinople seated, each holding a Victory on a globe ; Rome also holds a spear, and Constantinople, who is placing her right foot on the prow of a vessel, a cornu-copiae ; in the field TR. (Tr merit) \ in the exergue, CO.M. (Constantinopolis Moneta, standard of Constantinople). (PL VI., No. 7.) Medallion. Wt. 137 grs.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1 ; engraved pi. xviA
371. EUGENIUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. In
the field TR. ; in the exergue COM. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 4.) Tremissis.
HONORIUS.
372. Obv.—D. N. HONORIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Honorius
to the right, with diadem, and with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev.— AD. VENTVS D. N. AVG. Honorius in military dress, laureated, and with nimbus, on horseback to the left, raising the right hand ; in the field MD. (Mediolano)-, in the exergue CO.M.OB. (PL VI., No. 8.) Small medallion. Wt. 103-6 grs. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1 ; engraved pi. xvii.).
373. Ok'.— Same legend and type as No. 372.
Rev.— GLORIA ROMANORVM. Rome helrneted, seated
44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
lacing, holding a globe and a reversed spear; ill the field RM. (Roma) ; in the ejcenjue COM. [OB] . (Pi. VI., No. 9.) Medallion ; has a ring. Wt. 328-6 grs. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 2; engraved pi. xvii.).
874, 875. HONOBIUS. Rev. — CONCORDIA AVGG. and AVGG. I. In the exergue TES.OB. and CON.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 7.)
876, 877. HONOBIUS. Rev.— CONCORDIA AVGGG. In the exergue CO. M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 9.)
378. HONORIUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. In the field
RM. In the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 21.)
379. CONSTANTIUS III. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. In the
field RV. ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. *Imp., No. 1.)
380. CONSTANTINUS III. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. In the
field LD. ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 3.)
881. JOVINUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. In the exergue TR. OB. S. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 5.)
382. PRISCUS ATTALUS. Rev.— INVICTA ROMA AETERNA.
In the field RM. ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 3.)
383. JOHANNES. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. In the
field RV. ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 6.) Tremissis.
884, 385. VALENTINIAN III. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. ; in the field RM. and RV.; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 11.)
386. VALENTINIAN III. jfot?.— IMP. XXXXLL COS. XVII. P.P. In the exergue GO M.OB. (Published by Cohen (No. 4) from Caylus and Beger ; engraved by De Salis, Num. Chron., N.S., vol. vii., pi. vii., No. 9.)
887. VALENTINIAN III. Rev.— VOT. XXX. MVLT. XXXX.
In the field RM. ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 23.)
888, 889. VALENTINIAN III. .to.— No legend. In the ex-
ergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 26.) Tremuses.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 45
EUDOXIA THE YOUNGER, WIFE OF VALENTINIAN III.
*890. Obv.— AEL. EVDOXIA AVG. Bust of Eudoxia to the right, with diadem ; above, a hand holding a wreath.
/ta,. —VICTORIA AVGGG. Victory standing to the left, holding a long cross ; in the field to right a star ; in the exergue CON. OB.
Unpublished by Cohen and Sabatier ; published by De Salis (Num. Chron., N.S., vol. vii., pi. vii., No. 14).
This rare coin has been published and attributed to Eudoxia the younger by Mr. de Salis, in his paper " On the Coins of the Eudoxias." 74 The reverse legend VIC- TORIA AVGGG. occurs also upon a rare coin of Valen- tinian III. preserved in the Museum, and the reverse was not in use during the reign of Theodosius II.
891. AELIA GALLA PLACIDIA, MOTHER OF VALENTINIAN III.
jR^.—VOT. XX. MVLT. XXX. In the exergue CON.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 11 ; Num. Chron., N.S., vol. vii., pi. vii., No. 5.)
892. AELIA GALLA PLACIDIA, MOTHER OF VALENTINIAN III. Rev.-VOT. XX. MVLT. XXX. In the field RV. ; in
the exergue CO M.O~B. (Num. C7iron.,N.S., vol. vii., pi. viii., No. 11.)
898. PETRONIUS MAXIMUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. ; in the field RV. ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 1.)
394. MAJOBIAN. Rev. — VICTORIA AVGGG. ; in the field
AR. ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 1.)
395. MAJORIAN. Rev. — No legend. In the exergue CON.OB.
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 9.) Tremissis.
ANTHEMIUS.
*396. Obv.— D. N. ANTHEMIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Anthe- mius helmeted, facing, with the paludamwtum, and with spear and shield.
74 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. vii. p. 206.
46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
y;,r.— SALVS REIPVBLICAE. Anthemius and Leo standing facing, holding between them a globe, on which a cross, and each holding a spear ; in the field a star; in the exergue CO.RM.OB. [Num. Chron., N.S., vol. i. p. 123, note 6.]
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3).
# 397. Obv.— D. N. PROG. ANTHEMIVS P. F. AVG. Bust
of Anthemius to the right, with diadem, and with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. — Same legend and type ; in the exergue CO. M.OB. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 2).
398. ANTHEMIUS. Rev.— SALVS REIPVBLICAE ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 11.) Quinarius.
EUFEMIA.
# 399. Obv.— D. N. AEL. MARC. EVFEMIAE P. P. AVG.
Bust of Eufemia to the right, with diadem.
Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. #. Victory standing to the left, holding a long cross ; in the exergue CO.RM.OB. [See No. 396.] PL VI., No. 10.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 2).
400. OLYBRIUS. Rev. — No legend. In the exergue CO.M.OB.
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 4.) Tremissis, from the same die as the Paris coin.
401. GLYCEEIUS. Rev. — No legend. In the exergue CO.M.OB.
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 6.) Tremissis.
JULIUS NEPOS.
# 402. Ok'.-O.N. IVL. NEOPOS P. F. AVG. Bust of Julius
Nepos to the right, with diadem, and with palu- damentum and cuirass.
Rev. — No legend. Cross within a laurel wreath ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. Tremissis.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 12).
ROMULUS AUGUSTUS.
# 403. Obv.— D. N. ROMVLVS AVG. P. F. AV. Bust of
Romulus Augustus to the right, with diadem, and with pai/udamentwn and cuirass.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 47
Jit'i". — Same as No. 402. Tremissis. Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 6).
EMPIRE OF THE EAST.75
404. ABCADIUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. In field MD. ;
in exergue COM. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz.y No. 19.)
EUDOXIA, WIFE OF ARCADIUS.
405. Obv.— AEL. EVDOXIA AVG. Bust of Eudoxia to
the right, with diadem ; above, a hand holding a crown.
Rev.— SALVS REIPVBLICAE A. Victory seated to the right on cuirass and shield, and inscribing the monogram of Christ on a shield, which is resting on a column. In the exergue CON. OB.
# 406. Obv. — Same legend and type as No. 405, excepting the hand holding a crown.
Rev. — No legend. Cross in wreath. In the exergue CON. Tremissis.
Only the first of these coins has been published by M. Sabatier tinder Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius,76 and that, as stated in a note, owing to the suggestion of Mr. de Salis. The second was unpublished till noticed and attributed by Mr. de Salis, in his excellent paper " On the Coins of the Eudoxias," &c., in the last volume of the Numismatic Chronicle.'''1
407. THEODOSIUS II. Rev.— CONCORDIA AVGG. In ear-
ergueCOM.OR. (Cf. Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 2.)
408. THEODOSIUS II. Rev.— GLOR. ORVIS TERRAR. In
exergue CON. OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 3.)
75 References are to M. Sabatier' s Description Generate de$ Monnaies Byzantines. Two vols. 8vo. Paris, 1862.
76 Mou. Byz., No. 3, vol. i. p. 110, note.
77 Vol. vii. p. 210.
4S NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
409. THEODOSIUS II. Itev.—IMP. XXXXII. COS. XVII.
P.P. In exert/iie CO.M.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. By*., No. 5.)
410. THEODOSIUS II. Rev.— SALVS REIPVBLICAE. In
field AQ. In exergue CO.M.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 9.)
411. THEODOSIUS H. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM.
In exergue CON.OB. (Not published by Sabatier, and incorrectly attributed to Theodosius I. by Cohen, Cf. Med. Imp., No. 26). Tremissis.
412. THEODOSIUS II. Rev. — No legend. In exergue CON.OB.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 16.) Tremissis.
413. EUDOCIA, WIFE OF THEODOSIUS II. Eev.— VOT. XX.
MVLT. XXX.I. In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
414. MAECIAN. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. H. In exergue
CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 4.)
415. MABCIAN. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. In exergu*
CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 7.) Semissis.
416. MABCIAN. Eev.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. In ex-
ergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 8.) Tremissis.
417. PULCHERIA, WIFE OF MARciAN. Eev. — VOT. XX. MVLT.
XXX. A. In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 4.)
418. PULCHEKIA, WIFE OF MARCIAN. Rev. — No legend. In
exergue CON.OB. #. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 9.) Tremissis.
419. LEO. I. Eev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. In exergue
THS.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 4.)
# 420. Obv.— D.N. LEO PERPETVVS AVG. Bust of Leo to the right, with diadem, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev.— SALVS REIPVBLICAE written round a wreath ; within, the monogram of Christ ; in the exergue CO.M.OB. Semissis. Unpublished.
421. LEO I. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. In ex- ergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 9.) Tremissis.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 49
422. VERINA, WIFE OF LEO I. Rev. — No legend. In emery ue
CON.OB. (Sabatier, Man. Byz., No. 2.) f re- missis.
423. BASILISCUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. In exergue
CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
424. ZENO. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. B. In exergue
CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
425. ZENO. JFfcv.— VICTORIA AVGGG. H. In exergue
CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
426. 427. ZENO. #<w.— VICTORIA AVGGG. Infield MD. ;
in exergue CO.M.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
428, 429. ZENO. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 6.) Tremissis.
430, 431. ZENO. Rev.— "So legend. In exergue CO.M.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 7.) Tremissis.
432. ANASTASIUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. A. In ex-
ergue CO.M.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 2.)
433. ANASTASIUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. In
exergue CO.M.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 5.) Tremissis.
# 484. Obv.—D. N. ANASTASIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Anas-
tasius to the right, with diadem.
^.—VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. Victory walking to the right, holding palm and wreath. In the exergue CO.M.OB. Tremissis.
Unpublished.
485. ANASTASIUS AND THEODORIC (Ostrogothic). Rev. — VIC- TORIA AVGGG. PR. Infield "RA. and star; in exerque CO. M.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., pi. xviii., No. 2.)
436, 437. JUSTINUS I. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. A. and T. In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
# 438. Obv.—D. N. IVSTINVS P. P. AVG, Bust of Justin I.
to the right, with diadem.
VOL. VIII. N.S. H
50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
/kv.—VICTORIA AVGGG. Victory seated to the right on arms, inscribing XXXX. on a shield. In the field to left, a star ; to right, the monogram of Christ. In the exergue CON. OB. Semissis.
Published by Sabatier (Mon. Byz. No. 3) from Mionnet. 439. JUSTINUS I. Another example, but of barbarous work.
JUSTIN I. AND JUSTINIAN.
* 440. Obv.— D. N. IVSTIN GT IVSTINIAN. PP. AVG. The two emperors wearing the nimbus, seated facing. In the exergue CON.OB.
Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. B. Victory standing facing, holding a long cross and a globe, on which a cross. In the field to right, a star ; in the exergue CON.OB.
This coin is a variety of any I can find published. The obverse legend of the Paris example (Sabatier, Mon. Byn., No. 1) is D.N. IVSTIN. ET IVSTINI PP. AVG., whilst that published and engraved by Pinder (Die Munzen Justinians, p. 16, pi. i., No. 1) reads D. N. IVSTINVS ET IVSTINIAN. PP. AVG. Moreover, the cross, which is between the two seated emperors on these last two mentioned coins, is absent in the Blacas specimen.
441, 442. JUSTINIAN I. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. T. In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 2.)
448. JUSTINIAN I. J^v.— VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. In
exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 5.) Tremiss is.
444. JUSTINUS II. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGGG. I. In
exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
445. TIBBKIUS CONSTANTINE. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG.S.
In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
446. TIBERIUS CONSTANTINE. Rev.— 4ICTOR TlbGRI ATJCT.
In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 8.)
447. 448. MAURICIUS TIBERIUS. Rev.— VICTORI AVGG. B.
In exergue CON.OB. (Cf. Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 2. The Blacas specimensxread on the ob- verse, D. N. JJUVRI. Tib. P.P. AVI.)
449. MAURICIUS TIBERIUS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. A.
In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 7.)
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 51
# 450. Obv.— D. N. JYIAVRI. TIL. P.P. AVI. Bust of Mau- ricius to the right, with diadem.
^.—VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. Victory standing, holding crown and cross on globe ; in field to right, a star ; in the exergue CON. OB. Tremissis.
Published by De Saulcy (Num. Byz., pi. iv., No. 8), from the Suite Soleirol.
451. FOCAS. Rev.— VICTORIA AVGG. I. In exergue
CON. OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
452. FOCAS. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. la exergue
CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 5.) Tre- missis.
453. HERACLIUS I. Rev.— VICTORIA AVG. H6. la field
N. ; in exergue CON.OB. (Of. Sabatier, Mon. Byz.t No. 2.)
454. Obv.—D. N. HPRACLI. PSRP. AVG. Bust of Hera-
clius I. to the right, with diadem, on the top of which is a cross.
Ikv.—VICTORI HGRACLI. AVI. Cross. In the exergue CON.OB. Tremissis.
This coin is not published by M. Sabatier under Heraclius I., emperor, but I find that under the coins of Heraclius and his son Constantine, he has described78 a coin with a similar reverse legend from Mionnet.™ On referring to Mionnet, I further find that this latter has quoted it from the Mus. Vindob., and in this catalogue80 a specimen identical with the Blacas piece is fully described, thus showing that M. Sabatier never looked at the Vienna cata- logue. Similar coins of Tiberius Constantine, with the legend VICTOR TIB6RI A4G., are also in existence.81
78 Mon. Byz., No. 54.
79 MedsRom., vol. ii. p. 434.
80 Cat. Mtts. Vindob., vol. iii. p. 542, No. 7.
81 Sabatier, Mon. Byz., Nos. 4, 5.
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HERACLIUS I. AND HERACLEONAS.
#455. Obr.— DM. N. HGRACAI CONSVAIIB. The two busts of Heraclius I. and Heracleonas facing, separated by a cross ; the bust of Heraclius on the right is bearded, that of Heracleonas beard- less.
/fev._VICTORIA CONSVAIIB. Cross on three steps. In the exergue CON.OB.
Unpublished.
This coin is not published by M. Sabatier, nor by M. Barthelemy in his paper " On some Consular Coins struck under the Lower Empire." 82 The only other gold coin of Heraclius and his son Heracleonas, for the attribution of which we are indebted to M. Barthelemy in his paper above mentioned, was formerly in the collection of M. Zaepffel, and is now in the British Museum. Its weight is 68 -f grains (83 Paris grains). The obverse legend is the same, but on the reverse there is the legend VICTORIA CONSABIA instead of VICTORIA CONSVAIIB., being a similar reverse legend to that on the coins of Heraclius and his son Constantine.83 The Blacas specimen differs from this one in its size and general appearance, and it weighs 67 grains. The coins of Heraclius I. and Heracleonas are attributed by M. Barthelemy to 640, in which year the Emperor Heraclius named his second son consul. The new consul was only fourteen years old, and consequently beardless.
456. HERACLIUS AND HIS SON CONSTANTINE.
AVGG. T. In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 51.)
12 Rev. Num., 1859, p. 247. 83 Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 8.
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 53
457. HERACLIUS AND HIS SON CONSTANTINE.
Eev.— VICTOKIA AGGir(sic). In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 52.)
458. ARAB IMITATION OF HERACLIUS AND CONSTANTINE.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., vol. i. p. 88.)
459. CONSTANTINE III. (CONSTANS II.)
Rev.— VICTORIA VVS4AX (sic). In field Z. ; in exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 2.)
460. CONSTANTINE III. (CONSTANS II.), CONSTANTINE POGO-
NATUS, HERACLIUS, AND TIBERIUS.
(Cf. Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 16.)
461. CONSTANTINE III. (CONSTANS II.), CONSTANTINE POGO-
NATUS, HERACLIUS, AND TIBERIUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 19.)
462. 463. CONSTANTINE IV. POGONATUS, HEBACLIUS, AND
TIBERIUS.
(Of. Sabatier, Mon. Byz., Nos. 3 and 1.)
464. CONSTANTINE IV. POGONATUS.
Rev.— VICTORA AVGHA. In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 20.)
465. CONSTANTINE IV. POGONATUS.
j^.— VICTORIA AVGHS. In field to right, H (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 22.) Semissis.
466. JUSTINIAN II. RHINOTMETUS, STRUCK BY ROMOALD II.,
DUKE OF BENEVENT, A.D. 694 — 720.
Jfoi;.— VICTORI AVGHS. In field to left, R. (Ro- moald) ; in exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 6.)
467. JUSTINIAN II. RHINOTMETUS.
Rev.— fa. ihs. chs. R6X R6GNANTIHM. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 2.)
468. JUSTINIAN II. RHINOTMETUS.
Semissis of barbarous work.
54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
4G9. TIBERIUS ABSIMAR.
AVSH. In exergue CON.OB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
470. TIBERIUS ABSIMAR.
Jta;._VICTA AVIS. In exergue CON.OB. (Of. Sa- batier, Mon. Byz., No. 28.) Tremissis.
471. FILEPICUS DARDANES.
Rev.— VICTORIA AVSHS. In exergue CON.OB. (Of. Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1. On tbis Blacas specimen the name is spelt FILEPPICVS.)
472. THEODOSIUS ADRAMYTTENUS.
Rev.— VICTORIA AVSHS. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 8.) Semissis.
473. LlEO III. THE ISAURIAN.
Rev.— VICTORIA AVSHLZ. In exergue CONOB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
474. LEO III. THE ISAURIAN.
Rev.— Same as No. 473 (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 4.) Tremissis.
475 - 478. CONSTANTINE V. COPRONYMUS AND LEO III.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., Nos. 16, 17, 14, 18.)
479. CONSTANTINE V. COPRONYMUS.
Rev.— VICTORI AVSTO. In field a star and R. ; in exergue CONOB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 29.) Tremissis.
480. CONSTANTINE VI. AND IRENE, WITH LEO III., CONSTAN-
TINE V., AND LEO IV.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
481. CONSTANTINE VI. AND IRENE.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 3.)
482. MICHAEL II. AND THEOPHILUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 2.)
GOLD COINS OF THE LATE DUKE DE BLACAS. 55
483, 484. THEOPHILUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., Nos. 1, 2.)
485, 486. THEOPHILUS.
(Cf. Sabatier. Mon. Byz., Nos. 4, 5, and 6). Semissis.
487. MICHAEL III., THEODORA, AND THECLA.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
488, 489. BASIL II. AND CONSTANTINE XI.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., Nos. 1, 5.) 490, 491. CONSTANTINE XI. PORPHYROGENITUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., Nos. 1, 3.) 492 — 495. CONSTANTINE XII. MONOMACHUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., Nos. 1, 2, 8, 7.)
496. THEODORA.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
497. CONSTANTINE XIII. DUCAS.
(Cf. Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 5.)
498. ROMANUS IY. AND EUDOCIA.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
499. 500: MICHAEL VII.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 2.)
501. MICHAEL VII. AND MARIA.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 11.)
502. NlCEPHORUS III. BOTANIATES.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 4.)
503. ALEXIUS I. COMNENUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
504. 505. JOHN II. COMNENUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., Nos. 1, 2.) 506. MANUEL I. COMNENUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 2.)
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
507. ANDRONICUS I. COMNENUS. /
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
508. ISAAC II. ANGELUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
509. ISAAC II. ANGELUS.
(A variety of No. 508, with horizontal legend, published by Sabatier.)
510. 511. ALEXIUS III. ANGELUS.
(This attribution is that of Mr. de Salis. M. de Saulcy (Num. Byz., pi. xxx., No. 4) described it in its proper place, but attributed it, as his speci- men was not legible, to Isaac Angelus and his eon Alexius (?). M. Sabatier (Mon. Byz., pi. Hi. 16, 17) has incorrectly given it to Alexius I. Com- nenus. The figures on the obverse are Alexius III. and St. Constantine.)
512. JOHN III. DUCAS VATATSES (Nicaea).
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
513. MICHAEL VIII. PALJEOLOGUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
514. ANDRONICUS II. PAL^OLOGUS.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
515. ANDRONICUS II. AND MICHAEL IX.
(Sabatier, Mon. Byz., No. 1.)
FREDERIC W. MADDEN.
57
II.
GREEK WEIGHTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
WHEN Mr. Poole ' published, in 1863, forty specimens of Greek weights acquired at Athens by Mr. Burgon, he almost exhausted the collection of the British Museum. Since then it has been augmented by the following items : — (I.) 8 specimens purchased from Mr. Merlin at Athens in 1866, of which several had already been published ;2 (II.) 50 added by the Blacas collection ; (III.) 48 in the collection of the late Mr. Woodhouse, of Corfu, which has finally reached the Museum. The two latter collections are mostly inedited. In both cases, too, a difficulty sometimes arises as to where specimens were found, though usually it is presumed that those coming from Mr. Woodhouse were found in Corfu.
The state of preservation is such as might be expected from a material like lead ; the loss is very unequal, and often difficult to estimate.
While making these preliminary remarks I may state the denominations and relative value of the unit, and of the several fractions employed by the Greek systems of coinage.
1 Smith's " Diet, of Bible," art. Weif/hts.
2 Schillbach, " Annali del. Instit. di Corresp. Archseol.," vol. xxxvii., 1865.
VOL. VIII. N.S. I
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Talent = 60 minas. Mina =100 drachmas. Drachma = 6 obols.
These are the simple divisions used in reckoning. For the convenience of ordinary exchange, multiples of drachmas and fractions of obols were employed, the drachma corresponding in this respect to our shilling. In Korinth it was otherwise, a stater equal in value and weight to an Attic didrachm being used as the nominal coin. That Athens also, in early times, em- ployed the didrachm or stater in the same way, may be seen from the word Spa^, which means a " handful," — that is, half the unit of weight for the time ; also from a passage in Pollux 3 — St'Spa^/xov TO Be. TraAatov TOUTO rjv 'A^vauns vo/Awr/xa, KCU €/caA.€iTO /3o£s, OTL fiovv c*X€I/ c^TcrvTrw/xei/ov. The
Korinthian stater differed from the Attic didrachm in this respect, that it was divided into three, while the latter had only two parts or drachmas.
Greek weights follow the same denominations and divisions as Greek coins; but in practice this variation is observed, that while coins never exceed the weight of a drachma, or a small multiple of a drachma — passing, however, downwards to the lowest convenient fraction, — weights, on the other hand, seldom fall under a drachma, and rise usually to minas and fractions of minas. When a new system of coinage was adopted by a state — as in the case of Solon at Athens — the system then superseded continued (in every case, for anything we are told to the contrary) in the weights, though requiring to be sharply looked after. A decree published by Bockh (C. I. Gr. 210),
3 ix. 60, quoted by Bockh for a different purpose, M. I'. p. 121. Cf. Hultsch, " Metrologie," p. 105.
GREEK WEIGHTS. 59
which is much later than the time of Solon, shows the system superseded in coins still prevailing in commerce, and at the same time a strong tendency on the part of traders to assimilate their weights to the coinage. Specimens of these Presolonic weights have been dis- covered, and it is satisfactory to find in them confirma- tion of the statement of Plutarch4 as to the precise change or depreciation introduced by Solon, especially as no Presolonic coins have come down to us. In other cases the liability to loss of such material as lead, the inequality of the loss, and the notorious scarcity of specimens, combine to render it most difficult to evolve from the weights themselves anything like a complete arrangement into systems ; and it is only by keeping the various Greek systems of coinage in view that we are enabled to calculate approximately the loss of particular pieces, and then to assign them to particular places.
The various Greek and Graeco-Asiatic coinages of any importance may be represented in a tabular form, thus :— 5
GOLD. Gram.
/ The most usual fraction is £, of which, 16-5. Phokaea stater
says Mommsen, nine-tenths of the 16-5. Kyzikos stater •{
Asiatic gold coins consist ; also VTI 16-5. Erases stater V rr» ®c' 3 1S rare » 4 never found.
Here the fractions are formed by
16-8. Royal Persian stater 17*0. Lampsakos stater . 17-0. Euboic (so called) .
2, 4, &c. The Persian stater, divided by 2, is called
and is not further divided as such.
Solon, c. 15.
The French system of weights is used in this table.
60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Gran!. SlLVER W'
17-3. Attic tetradrachm ; 8-69, didrachm ; 4-846, drachma.
17-3. Korinthiandistater; 8 '69, stater; 2 -89, drachma, or £ stater.
SILVER (fc).
10-59. Miletus stater : fractions are, -f = 8*89 ; | = 6'61 ;
| = 5-14; 1-3-63; £ = 1-71. 11-0. Coinage -of certain Graeco-
Asiatic Towns .
-.,,,,,. . , The i was the usual
11-14. Median siglos
- n n TT, . fraction.
12-0. JEgmetan stater .
12-0. Presolonic stater or didrachm
SILVER (c).
14*22. Coins of Graeco-Asiatic towns : Sardis, Klazomense, Chios, Lampsakos. The usual fractions are, £, J, TJ¥.
14-34. Tyrian tetradrachm ; drachma = 3-59.
14-28. Ptolemaic tetradrachm ; drachma = 3-57 - 8-46.
14*73. Rhodian tetradrachm ; fractions, |, £, £.
12-64 — 12-40. Cistophorus. Monimsen takes it to be a revival of the ^Eginetan didrachm, which had by the Roman time become obsolete.
It is agreed upon that the oldest Greek coins as yet discovered are to be found among those gold pieces of Pho- ksea with a stater of full 16, and a hecta or l-6th weighing 2*7 gram. Other gold pieces, following the same standard and almost equally old. are traced to the neighbouring town of Kyzikos. Though this community of coinage included several other towns on the coast of Asia Minor, as may be seen from the types, yet the name "Phokaic" seems to have been generally applied to them, at least as far as their currency on the mainland of Greece is concerned. Nine-tenths of ancient Greek gold coins consist, says Mommsen, of the so-called Phokaic hectce. As there is no reason to suppose that Phoksea so far surpassed its neighbours as to be able to force its coinage
GREEK WEIGHTS.
61
upon them, we are compelled to assume the existence of a commercial league, such as was well known on that coast. e The importance which would attach to the coinage of such a league in those early times would be very great, and thus a currency may have been produced designed to compete with the royal coins of Lydia and Persia. Whether it fell out so or not, the stater of Kroesus and of the Persian kings is identical in weight with the Phokaic. In Persia, however, as in Athens, with the extension of her transactions through the vigour of Darius Hystasper, the old stater of 16 gram, was found too large, and the hecta of 2' 7 too small. That monarch therefore introduced a new stater, called after him AapetKos, half the weight of the old one, i.e., 8*5 gram., without, however, abandoning the old system, as happened in Athens.
As to the mainland of Greece, it naturally confined its coinage to silver, as Italy to copper. But trade with those gold-coining Grseco-Asiatic towns would intro- duce a foreign gold currency, which in course of time it would be found expedient to adopt. The name only of one gold coinage and its relative value has come down to us, — i.e., the Euboic. From the statements of its relative value, it is now seen to have been identical in unit, but not in fractions, with the Phokaic, and to have perhaps formed the nearest prototype of the silver system intro- duced into Athens by Solon.
Along with this gold there existed among the Grseco- Asiatic towns a silver currency. That it was of later origin, and founded in some way upon the gold system, may be supposed from the fact that Asia was as distinctly a gold-coining as Greece a silver-coining region. The
6 Newton, Transactions of Royal Soc. of Lit., vol. viii. N.S. Herodotus, I. 192.
62 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
silver integer, called siglos or stater, weighs 11 or 11*14 gram. A silver piece of 11*14, or its half, 5*57, is (rela- tively to its weight) to the gold piece of 16*80, or its half, the Daric, 8*40, as 2 : 3 ; and so a gold piece of 16' 80 or 8-40 would be equal in value to fifteen silver pieces of 11*14 or 5*57 gram., the usual ratio of gold to silver being pre- sumably 10: 1, though by the time of Herodotus it had reached in round numbers 13 : 1.
As to the mainland of Greece and the silver coinages existing there, we find (1) evidence of a drachma of about 5*7 gram., in Athens down to the time of Solon, and in ^Egina until it succumbed to the importance of the Solonic Attic j (2), a drachma of 3*4 gram, circulating wherever the Solonic-Attic and Korinthian, which were in integer iden- tical, had not found their way. The latter drachma (3*4 gram.) is obviously the third of the Asiatic siglos of 11*14 gram., and the fact of its existence in late times in out-of- the-way regions suggests that it was the first immigrant system from Asia Minor. As to the other drachma (5*7 gram.), we are reminded happily, says Momrnsen, of the dismembering and reconstructing element of Hellenic civili- sation, which, recognising its own wants, chose the half of a coin divisible, as far as they had known, only by 3, as their integer. This is the drachma of ^Egina and Athens down to Solon's time. Still, so long as the importance of the Asiatic towns endured, it would be necessary to con- tinue the use of a didrachm as an exact equivalent to the siglos, and it may be to this time that the passage of Pollux? refers. In Korinth, also, the didrachm or stater, identical with the Attic Solonic didrachm, remained to the last.
7 ix. 60 : $iSpaxfj.ov' TO 8e TraXatov TOVTO rjv 'A.0rjvaiois
K.T.A..
GREEK WEIGHTS. 63
Such changes must have happened very slowly, and when we reach the time when the didrachm was employed by Athens and ^Egina only for the sake of exchange with the siglos, or for ordinary convenience, we must admit that of such didrachms there could only be fifty in a rnina ; that is, that the didrachm, or more properly stater, was a double integer. As far as coins go, we do not require such an admission ; but weights go farther. Among others we have a class (No. 102—121), with the design of a tortoise, and usually inscribed TETAPT[OJ/] and HMI- TETAPT [ov] . In weight they are fourths and half-fourths of a double Solonic mina, and it is, I think, very probable that they usurped the place of fourths and half- fourths of a double Presolonic mina. We must, therefore, assume the existence, not of a large mina, but of a dimiioun which would contain 100 didrachms. The name HMI- TETAPT [ov] may show, since oySoov was at their disposal, that they kept the double and single system strictly apart, and leave us to infer that the double was only employed for convenience of exchange. But we prefer to think that the piece existed long before the name " half-fourth," and that the evidence points to an early time, when what we call didrachm and dimnoun were respectively a stater and a mina, and the only known fractions of a talent.
Coming now to the Solonic Attic system, it is said 8 that Solon, to relieve public distress, created out of 100 old drachms 138 new ones; or rather, 100 new out of 73 old ones. The drachma introduced by him weighs 4'346 gram., and, accordingly, the superseded drachma would be about 6 gram. (138: 100:: 6:4-346). A Solonic didrachm (silver) was equal in weight to a Daric of gold ;
8 Plutarch, Solon, c. 15.
f> [ NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and as the latter was a well-known coin in Athens (though not under that name), it is assumed with almost certainty that Solon supported his measure with the hope of convenience arising from the identity in weight of current gold and silver coins. As to the superseded sys- tem, with its drachma of about 6 gram., no Attic coins remain to confirm the statement of Plutarch. On the other hand, we have the ^ginetan drachma of the same weight in sufficient numbers; and besides, the decree already cited [Bockh C. I. Gr. No. 210], stating the same ratio between the old and new systems, and ordering the old to be continued as a weight. This decree is believed to be much later than the time of Solon, and seems to have been directed against a tendency in the market to substitute weights on the same system as the coins. No. 122, inscribed MNA AFOP, and 123, MNA, are obviously minas of the old system, yielding drachmas of 6'45 and 6'32 gram. The same increase is found on the four specimens of Solonic mina yielding the following drachmas : 4'62 ; 4*56; 4'53; 4'50.
The JEginetan system has been identified with the Presolonic Attio. The only class of weights which appears to belong to it are those with design of tortoise and half- tortoise ; and here the fact that they are all fourths and half-fourths of a double Solonic mina reminds us that the ^ginetan, too, must have yielded to the pressure of the new Attic system of coins.
Gram. Tr. Grains.
1. 0-65 (= 10, Blacas) CD incised ^| Ordinary Attic obol, tri-
2. 2-07 (= 32 . ) in obol, pentobol, ai:d o o.qr / fi1 . -rrl I" drachma, the normal
weights of which are 4. 4-48 (=69 „ ) h „ j 0-72,2-17, 3-62,4-340.
r.UEKK WEIGHTS.
65
Gram. Tr. Grains.
|
5. 1-17 (= 18, Martin Key) |
i incised |
|
|
6. 2-88 (= 36 „ ) |
' ' » |
|
|
7. 4-40 (= 68 ,, ) |
ii 1 1 » |
|
|
1 1 |
||
|
8. 5-70 (= 88 „ ) |
||
|
9. 6-67 (= 103 „ ) |
1 1 1 in •• |
Sicilian-Italian |
|
10. 7-77 (= 120 „ ) |
i ii in |
litras. |
|
11. 8-41 (= 130 „ ) |
1 1 1 |
|
|
12. 10-86 (= 160 „ ) |
n i |
|
|
13. 11-20 (= 174 „ ) |
'!!' |
|
|
14. 4-48 (= 69, Blacas) |
1- incised. Attic drachma; nor- |
|
|
mal weight, 4-846. |
||
|
15. 6-67 (= 103 „ ) |
MB ,, Attic drachma, plus |
|
|
8 obols. |
||
|
16. 7-12 (=110 „ ) |
T ,, |
|
|
17. 7-90 (=122 „ .) |
INI ,, Perhaps 4 triobols, |
|
|
in normal weight, |
||
|
8-6. |
||
|
18. 8-29 (= 128 „ ) |
hh ,, |
|
|
19. 8-29 (= 128 „ ) |
u I Attic didrachms M ,, I |
|
|
N / |
Q.«qo |
|
|
20. 8-87 (= 137 „ ) |
— o uu&. 5) t |
|
|
21. 9-32 (= 144, Woodhouse) |
/ " |
|
|
22. 10-86 (=168, Blacas) |
m ,, Reduced tridrachm |
|
|
of Roman period. |
||
|
23. 12-30 (= 190 „ ) |
111 „ Tridrachm ; the losa |
|
|
intelligible. |
||
|
24. 14-24 (= 220, Woodhouse) 25. 14-70 (=227, Blacas) 26. 14-76 (= 228 „ ) 27. 15-54 (= 240 „ ) 28. 15-86 (= 245, Woodhouse) 29. 16-32 (= 252, Burgon ) |
^ Tetradrachms:24,25, 26, of a late, reduced - period ; 27, 28, 29, ^, may be accounted for by loss. nil j |
r,c
NTMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Gram. Tr. Grains. 80. 17-36 (= 268, Burgon)
HH 1 1 1 ; rev. X- Tetradrachm, plus 3 obols.
81. 20-20 (=
82. 20-20 (--
83. 28-81 (=
84. 24-86 (=
85. 24-86 (:
86. 26-42 (:
87. 26-87 (--
88. 27-98 (=
312 „ ) . 312 „ ) 360 ,, ) 884 „ ) 884, Woodhouse) 408, Burgon) 415, Woodhouse) 432, Burgon) .
39. 28-75 (--= 444 „ ) .
40. 58-29 (= 890, Woodhouse)
41. 55-95 (=864 „ )
MM
Small diota in relief.
HH Korinthian tristater = Attic hexadrachm.
T Korinthian tristater = Attic hexadrachm.
T On both sides. Double Korinthian tristater.
1 1 1 Double Korinthian trista- ter.
|
42. 81-09 (= 480) Burgon |
|
|
48. 81-41 (=485, Woodhouse) |
|
|
44. 82-88 (= 500 „ ) |
|
|
45. 83-03 (= 510, Blacas) |
Pm |
|
46. 84-20 ( - 528, Burgon) . |
PhH |
|
47. 36-01 (= 556, Woodhouse) |
|
|
48. 88-85 (=600 „ ) |
|
|
49. 40-41 (•-= 624 „ ) |
E : |
|
50. 40-41 (= 624 „ ) |
|
|
51. 40-41 ( = 624 „ ) |
|
|
52. 40-80 (= 630 „ ) |
|
|
58. 48-19 (= 744, Burgon) . |
A |
Octodrachm (late).
) Octodrachm(Solonic), I i.e. T [evre KOL] rpcts. Octodrachm (?)
Small diota ; octo-
drachm (?) Enneadrachm. Half Pegasus.
Dekadrachm (?)
54. 49-48 (= 686, Woodhouse) KYll TPC : tristater of Ky-
zikos.
55. 45-07 (= 696
) KYI I AICTA (bronze) : Di- stater of Kyzikos.
GREEK WEIGHTS. 07
Gram. Tr. Grains.
56. 56-73 (= 876, Burgon ) OA1O \
3 & > £ Solonic mina.
57. 57-51 (== 888 „ ) OA1O )
58. 57-51 (= 888 „ ) 3 ; Fourth diota, resembling
the letter B inverted ; -j^ of Attic Presolonic mina.
59. 73-83 (= 1140, Burgon)
60. 80-05 (= 1236 „ )
61. 80-83 (= 1248, Blacas)
62. 85-49 (= 1320, Woodhouse) n te/Mm?"
63. 86-91 (-1342, Burgon) .
64. 104-14 (= 1608 „ ) .
65. 80-95 (= 1250, Woodhouse) MM
66. 90-15 (« 1392 „ )
67. 90-15 ( 1392 „ )
68. 91-70 (= 1416
*** A JL
69. 110-36 (=.1704, Burgon) . Crescent.
70. 105-70 ( - 1632, Woodhouse)
71. 82-38 (= 1272, Merlin) .
72. 82-38 (= 1272, Blacas)
73. 80-83 (= 1248 „ )
74. 76-16 (= 1176, Burgon) . „ AH [MO.
75. 76-16 (= 1176 „ ) .
76. 73-05 ( 1128, Blacas)
77. 73-05 (= 1128 „ )
78. 71-50 (== 1104, Woodhouse)
79. 67-61 ( - 1044 „ ) „ AEMO.
80. 63-21 (- 976 „ ) „ AAMO.
81. 63-72 (= 984, Blacas) Half crescent.
82. 62-17 (= 960, Burgon)
83. 62-17 (= 960, Blacas)
68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
dram. Tr. Grains.
84. 59-10 (= 912, Burgon) Half crescent.
85. 59-10 (= 912 „ )
86. 59-10 (= 912 „ )
87. 64-40 ( = 840 „ )
88. 52-85 (= 816, Blacas)
89. 49-09 (= 768, Woodhouse) „
90. 298-45 (= 4608, Burgon) Diota ; i Attic dimnoun
(Solonic).
91. 287-56 (— 4440, Blacas) . „ TPITH ; i Attic dimnoun
(Solonic).
92. 285-49 (= 4416, Burgon) . „ | Attic dimnoun
(Solonic).
93. 192-76 (= 2976, Woodhouse) „ A.MO
94. 191-19 (= 2952,Woodhouse) Half diota
95. 158-55 (= 2448, Blacas) . ,, AEMO; i Attic dimnoun
(Solonic ?).
96. 148-18 (= 2210, Burgon) . „ AEMO U Attic dimnoun
97. 148-00 (= 2208, Woodhouse),, AEMO j (Solonic).
98. 105-82 (= 1684, Blacas) Fourth diota; AEMO ; -,V Attic
dimnoun (Pre- solonic).
99. 68-72 (= 984, Burgon) Diota within wreath.
100. 59-84 (= 924 „ )
101. 55-18 (= 852 „ )
102. 242-22 (== 8840, Burgon) Tortoise
108. 225-88 (= 8480 „ ) „ AEMO
104. 228-83 (= 8456 „ ) „ AEMO
105. 219-80 (= 8896, Blacas)
106. 210-28 (= 8246, Burgon) „ TETAFT
107. 186-62 (= 2880 „ ) „ ]MO
Attic dim- noun (Solo- nic).
GREEK WEIGHTS.
G9
Gram. Tr. Grains.
108. 124-35 (= 1920, Woodhouse) Half tortoise
109. 121-24 (= 1872, Burgon) . „ AHMO
110. 121-24 (= 1872 „ ) .
111. 118-13 (= 1824 „ ) .
112. 116-58 (= 1800, Woodhouse) Circular; ^,
113. 116-58 (= 1800, Merlin) Half tortoise EMIT
114. 116-58 (= 1800, Blacas) .
115. 114-25 (= 1764, Burgon) . 110-36 (= 1704 „ ) . 111-14 (= 1716, Blacas) . 108-80 (•= 1680 „ ) .
119. 108-80 (= 1680 „ ) .
120. 77-72 (= 1200, Burgon) . 69-30 (= 1080 „ ) .
116. 117. 118.
121.
EMITET EMITETAPT AEMO
AHMO
Attic - dim- noun (Solo- nic).
122. 645-08 (= 9980, Burgon) Dolphin : MNA AfOP
123. 632-64 (= 9790 „ )
124. 462-56 (= 7171 „ ) „ MNAl
125. 456-93 (= 7056 „ )
126. 453-37 (= 7000, Woodhouse) „ MNA
127. 450-77 (= 6960, Blacas) „ MNA
Mina
Mina demo- sia.
128. 255-57 (= 3936, Calvert) HMIMN :
Astragalus rising from surface.
129. 223-82 (>= 3456, Merlin) HMIM : Head of dolphin.
130. 110-86 (= 1704, Woodhouse) Dolphin : TIT : ~ TAN I (?);
£ Attic mina demosia.
131. 234-06 (= 8624, Woodhouse) APOPANOMON M.
132. 155-44 (= 2400, Blacas) Q AYA. (Bronze.)
183. 121-24 (= 1872,Woodhouse) Bull's head in relief (copper).
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Gram. Tr. Grains.
134. 144-56 (= 2232, Woodhouse) H (doubtful appearance).
135. 140-54 (= 2170 „ ) A
136. 189-90 (= 2160 „ )r,n 187. 186-78 (=2112 „ ) f
138. 193-00 (=2980 „ ) FDbP (Bronze.)
139. 608-80 (= 9400, Woodhouse) Mina emporica ; remains
of iron ring attached.
140. 510-03 (= 7875 „ )
141. 468-39 (= 7232 „ ) .Mina demosia or So-
142. 466-32 (= 7200 „ ) j Ionic.
143. 390-15 (= 6024 „ ) Triangular shape.
144. 857-19 (= 5515 „ )
145. 276-10 (= 4263 „ ) Diota (?) ; £ Attic Solonic
dimnoun (?).
146. 205-95 (= 3180 ,, ) \ mina demosia; much in-
jured. In form of cube, with iron ring attached.
147. 832-24 (= 5130, Sambon) In form of an astragalus ;
\ mina emporica (?). (Bronze.)
5 — 13. This set of weights was acquired by the British Museum in 1850 from M. Martin Rey, of Lyons, and were found in a cemetery there. The third piece in the series is not in the collection.
Mommsen classes them along with the Italian-Sicilian silver (and in Sicily also gold) coins discussed at p. 93 et seq. of his " Geschichte d. Rom Miinzwesens." In that series the various pieces fall in this order : — 5*80, 5-65, 4-3, 3-28, 2'5, and 1-18 gram. At that time (1862) he traced the origin of those coins to the very old Syra- kusan gold piece of 1- 17 gram., explaining it as an equiva- lent in gold for the Attic tetradrachm of 17*46 gram, silver, with the ratio of gold to silver as 15-1. Then he called the pieces 5'80, 3'28, 2 • 5, and 1 • 18, respectively, drachma, triobol,
GREEK WEIGHTS. 71
half- drachm a, and fifth of drachma, or litra, treating the 4'3 piece as a depreciation of the drachma. From the more complete evidence of these weights (5-13) he now sees that this whole system of Italian-Sicilian silver coins is based on the JSginetan stater reduced from 12 5 to 11*6 gram., and divided not into 10 obols, but into 10 litras, the decimal division being as peculiarly Italian as the duodecimal Greek.
14. Is No. 4 repeated.
22. HH : tridrachm yielding drachma of 3' 62 gram., i.e., the Attic drachma of late Roman period. See Bockh, M. U.,p. 105.
30. HH 1 1 1. For this way of expressing a certain number of drachmas and a half, cf. Nos. 45, 46.
36. mi (26-42). Unintelligible.
40. T on both sides (= 58'29) double Koriuthian tri- stater. It is cut round the edge to give the appearance of being two tristaters welded together.
54. KYII [KOV] TPIC [rar^,] 44'43 gram. The stater would be 1481. Mommsen9 quotes a distater of Kyzikos = 29-80, i^ 14-90 for the stater; and a stater KYI CTA[-njp] = 18-/0. This Woodhouse specimen has lost a great deal, and may very probably have been originally as nearly as possible 48 gram., the weight yielded by the coins of Kyzikos.
55. Is of bronze, not suspicious in appearance, but quite unintelligible.
58. 8 : [5 7 '51] bears the sign of a quarter of a diota, reseml Ing the letter B reversed.10
9 Hiinzwesen, p. 7. Cf. C. I. Gr. 3681. Longperier, Annali dell' Instit., 1847, pp. 336, 337. Lenormant, Rev. Num. Franq., 1856, p. 7.
10 Cf. No. 98.
72 NTMIS.MATK' CHRONICLE.
63. 86-91 b*d As this figure resembles the Greek letter M with horizontal line from one foot to the other, and since the weight suits exactly, it may be taken as a monogram of P M, i.e., P [e/xTrr^/xoptov] M [vSs] . Cf. No. 64.
91. 287'56. Diota, TPITH : taking this as a third, we have an integer of 862' 68. That is just double the Attic Solonic mina. The same result is obtained from that larger class of weights with sign of tortoise. Mr. Poole calls this integer a large mina; I prefer to call it a dim- noun, or double mina ; in the first place, because it has exactly the weight of a double Solonic mina, and, in the second place, because we see no other means of explaining such denominations as EMITP [«w] and EM1TET [aprov] , while such words as EKTON and OTAOON were not only at their disposal, but were employed for specimens exactly half the weight of those named EMITPIT and EMITET.11
98. 105-82; £ diota; AEMO. If all weights with sign of diota are to be taken as thirds, and we have seen the word TPITH on no other class, this specimen would be -iV of some integer. 105-82 x 12 = 1269-84, i.e., just double the Presolonic mina (No. 122). We call this one, there- fore, ^V of the Presolonic Attic, or its equivalent, the JEginetan dimnoun.12
102—119. What was said of the diotee (91) applies also to the tortoise weights. The latter class, it will be seen, in this as well as in other collections, is much more abundant than the former. This will tend to show in what favour the system of division by four stood among the Greeks over that by three, so familiar to the Orien- tals.
11 Cf. 56, 57, 58.
12 Contrast 58, which also bears the sin of diota.
QRREK WEIGHTS. 73
122. 645-08, Dolphin; MNA ArOP[<u/o/tan/.] This com- pletion of the word depends on No. 131. It gives a drachma of 6'45 gram. That is a little over what we have already quoted evidence to show was the Presolonic drachma.
128. 255-57; HMIMN. This specimen was found in Krete. It is over-weight; but that may be traced to an intentional over-coinage, as the astragalus rising upon it seems to suggest.
130. 110-36; Dolphin. The inscription seems unintel- ligible; but the weight is clearly £ of the Solonic Attic mina.
131. 234-06 ; ATOPANOMfiN M is a fac-simile, the original of which was found in Corfu, and is now in the Museum at Athens. Mustoxydes (Delle Cose Corciresi) and Schillbach (Annali del? Instit., vol. xxxvii. 1865) publish the original without being able to find any other explanation of it than by taking M as a numeral, i.e., 40 drachmas, though the drachma of 5'8 gram, which this would give is, Schillbach confesses, too heavy for those of Korkyra or Korinth.
132. 155-44; £ AYA (bronze), with figure of owl. Longperier reads it ©vpiarwv rpira. Sva; but Schillbach doubts the possibility of Bva for Sv'o or Svw, and takes it as a third of the Solonic Attic mina, i.e., 155*44 X 3 = 466'32. Bockh, C. I. Gr. 210, publishes it in doubt as to its being a tessera.
A. S. MURRAY.
VOL. VIII. N.S.
71
III.
NOTE ON GREEK WEIGHTS. BY PROFESSOR THEODOR MOMMSEN, OF BERLIN.
THE set of weights discovered by Mr. Murray seems to me of very great importance ; and I think he is quite right in combining them with the Italo-Sicilian coins enume- rated in my R. M. W., p. 93. Examining these anew, I believe to have discovered their origin, and at the same time the place occupied by the weights in question in the ancient system. They belong to the JEginetan stater, reduced from 12'5 gram, to about 11*6, and divided, which is new and very interesting, not in oboli, but in litres } after the decimal system. Some gold coins, it is true, which have been compared with those appertaining to this system, must be separated and expelled, especially those of Syracusse with the lyre and with the head of Artemis Soteira. My explanation, too, is erroneous, as it appears now. But the discovery is very curious, and merits to be noticed somewhere. I should be very glad to learn from Mr. Murray — (1Q) if the provenance of the coins from the south of France is well ascertained, and if they may not have been brought to England from the south of Italy or from Sicily ; (2°) if the set appears complete, — that is to say, if there is no ground for supposing that the heaviest weights, marked with 11 and 12, have been lost, though I fear very much that this question may prove un- answerable.
MOMMSEN.
75
IV.
ANGLO-SAXON COINS WITH RUNIC LEGENDS,
[Read before the Numismatic Society, March 19th, 1868.]
IN the second volume of the Numismatic Chronicle for the year 1840 there is a remarkably ingenious article by a writer who signs himself " L. Y. H.,"1 on some of the Anglo-Saxon Sceattas, in which he notices several of those coins bearing Runic legends, and attributes one of them (Plate IV., Fig. 7) to Sledda, King of the East Saxons between the years 587 and 596 A.D.
Before entering on the question as to whether or not this is a correct attribution, I should like to make a few remarks on the origin and the date of the introduction into this country of the Runic characters. Tradition ascribes the invention of the Runes to Woden, the great ancestor of the whole Teutonic race. However this may be, it is certain that they are of very high antiquity, and were common to all the Scandinavian nations from a very early period. Concerning their introduction into this country Professor Stephens says, in his wonderful work on the "Old Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England," p. 78 : — " We suddenly find an entirely new alphabet, carvings in letters altogether strange and unknown — THE RUNES. They appear at the close of the Roman period, and are employed by the ' barbarians' who overturned the Roman and Keltic systems, and who
1 Possibly the terminals of DanieL HenrY HaigH.
76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
wrested a large part of the country from its Rom an - Kymric, or Kelto-Roman, or Romanised British popula- tions. They did not fall down from heaven or spring up out of the earth ; but just as the Kelts brought with them their Ogham staves, and the Romans their Latin alphabet, so the ' barbarians ' brought with them these their native characters."
Whence the Northern races received this alphabet, and when they received it, we cannot in the present state of philological science affirm with certainty ; but a compari- son of the Phoenician, old Greek, and old Latin alphabets with the old Northern or Runic, will, I think, satisfy any unprejudiced inquirer that they all have much in com- mon, and are all the descendants of some one remote ancestor.
What this source of all our Western alphabets may be it concerns us not, as numismatists, to inquire ; our pro- vince is simply to chronicle what has been left us of the numismatic monuments of antiquity, to elucidate, to engrave, and, wherever we can, to attribute and fix the date of doubtful and difficult pieces. We shall thus make our contribution, however small it may be, to the cause of philological inquiry We must, however, be cautious and critical ; we must keep our imaginations in check, and not be too eager to ascribe every doubtful coin on which a letter or two only may be legible to some known his- torical personage. Let us read what we see upon a coin, and only what we see, not what we would wish to see ; if we ourselves cannot explain it, some one else, with better means of doing so at his disposal, may.
These remarks have, of course, a greater application to some portions of numismatic history than to others. In the present instance I would wish more particularly to draw
ANGLO-SAXON COINS WITH RUNIC LEGENDS. 77
the attention of the society to that very dark and difficult period of English numismatic history between the de- parture of the Romans, early in the fifth century, and the accession of Offa to the throne of Mercia in A.D. 755, the time of the introduction of the silver penny. During these three centuries the only coins as yet attributed in our numismatic works with anything like certainty are, — a sceatta and a styca of Aldfrith of Northumbria, 685— 705; two sceattas of Beonna of East Anglia, 690—714 ; and the sceattas which read EOTBEREHTVS, and have been attributed to Eadberht of Northumbria, 737 — 758. The great series of the sceattas is still a sealed book to us ; we know literally nothing about them ; we cannot even determine whether they were first struck by the Saxons after their settlement in this country, or whether they were already in circulation among the Northern nations, and introduced by them into Britain.
The latter is perhaps the more probable supposition of the two, for they have been found in Friesland as well as in England. Like the Merovingian coins, they are rude imitations of well-known Roman types — at least a great number of them are so; imitations, barbarous in the extreme, and executed by men who were not even ac- quainted with the Roman alphabet ; wherefore I do not attach any importance whatever to the endeavours which have been made by some to explain letters and legends m the Roman character which are more or less legible on most of them. For instance, I think the interpretation of the letters TIC on a large class of these coins, sug- gested by Mr. Lindsay in his " Coinage of the Heptarchy/* an extremely fanciful one ; he says these letters appear to form the initials of the sentence TENEO IESV CRISTO !
78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I would not attempt any explanation whatever of these and similar letters. I believe the artist, if such he may be called, who copied these sceattas, was not able to read the Latin legend of the original Roman coin, but imitated, to the best of his ability, some of the clearer letters of the inscription, occasionally filling up what he could not clearly see with OO, VV, TT, and II, and letters easy of delineation : we not unfrequently find the same letter repeated four or five times on the same coin. It is, then, in my opinion, mere waste of time and ingenuity to be offering explanations and interpretations of that which probably never had any distinct meaning at all of its own ; interpretations which, at the best, are only guesses, and guesses which teach us nothing. If we can read a name upon a coin, by all means let us do our best to explain it, and give it a date and a local habitation, — we shall then have done real service to the science of numismatics ; but to endeavour, by fanciful and far-fetched guesses, to assign a meaning to a mere jumble of barbarous imitations of letters, is simply pen and paper wasted and time thrown away.
Of course what I have just said does not apply in general to all barbarous coins, but only to barbarous imitations of the coins of more civilised nations. A very slight knowledge of the common Roman types will suffice to convince the student that the majority of these sceattas are only imitations, and that the Latin letters legible upon them are also imitations, and have no distinct meaning of their own.
Not so the Runes. The old Northern Futhorc was the native alphabet of the people who struck these coins. Every Runic legend must therefore be capable of inter- pretation. Every letter has its meaning, if we could but
ANGLO-SAXON COINS WITH RUNIC LEGENDS. 79
discover it. Sufficient attention has not been bestowed upon these native Anglo-Saxon legends. I am fully aware how difficult it is to make anything out of a few scattered specimens ; a single coin is so easily mis- read for want of the corroborative evidence furnished by others of the same class. The collection of sceattas with Runic legends in the British Museum is, unfortunately, a very poor one. Ruding gives a few more in his plates ; but plates cannot be relied on, especially when the artist has been working in the dark, copying blindly lines to him meaningless.
Sir Francis Palgrave says on this subject, in his " History of the Anglo-Saxons" (London, 1867, p. 123), " It may perhaps be thought that a spell has been cast over the learned, and that some sportive Puck yet lurks about the Runes, and seduces the grave antiquaries into these interminable wanderings. Let me be allowed, however, to observe, that I doubt whether in these and similar instances any true reading can ever be obtained, unless the object itself (or a cast from it) be inspected by those who undertake the task of interpretation. No draughtsman's copy, however skilful he may be, will ever be accurate, unless he can read the inscription and his mind guides the pencil. If he be ignorant of its meaning, he may mistake an accidental indentation or flaw for a letter ; — he will omit the line nearly effaced by time which joined the parts ; he will lengthen a curve that has been broken, and shorten a limb which has been partly filled up ; and the aggregate of these errors, though each may be trifling in itself, will cast an impenetrable veil over features which, under the most favourable cir- cumstances, were sufficiently obscure."
80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
1 have no doubt whatever that, if we had a larger collection of sceattas at our disposal, we should be able to dispel many of the clouds which hang over this obscure period of our numismatic history. The collectors of these coins should combine, and give up collecting for collecting's sake, and deposit each his mite in the national collection. In the mean time we must do as best we may.
I shall here briefly notice a few of the Rune-bearing sceattas in the British Museum and other well-known col- lections, which I think may be attributed to noted persons mentioned in our ancient chronicles, — premising that for some of the following attributions I am indebted to the learned work of the Rev. Daniel H. Haigh on the " Con- quest of Britain by the Saxons." My excuse for noticing these attributions in this place is, that no one of our numis- matic works has as yet given them correctly. Ruding makes no attempt to decipher the characters; Hawkins passes over them without a word; Mr. Lindsay, in his " Coinage of the Heptarchy," endeavours to explain a few of the legends ; but I am afraid his interpretations will not bear the test of a close examination. It is high time, therefore, for numismatists to acknowledge these dis- coveries, and to chronicle them in a work devoted solely to numismatic inquiry.
The most numerous class of Rune-bearing sceattas, of which there are fifteen specimens in the British Museum, is well known to all English numismatists ; several ex- amples are engraved in Ruding's 2nd plate.
The obverse exhibits a rude bust turned to the right, wearing a radiated crown ; in the field behind the head is the letter A, often accompanied by annulets, and occa- sionally by the letter T ; in front of the bust is the legend,
ANGLO-SAXON COINS WITH RUNIC LEGENDS. 81
EPA or ^EPA in the Runic character. This legend is written sometimes backwards and sometimes upside down, as may be seen by a glance at the plate, where I have engraved three of these legends (PI. IV., Nos. 1, 2, 3).
Mr. Lindsay, in his " Coinage of the Heptarchy," reads these legends SAPE, which he explains as denoting the name and title of St. Peter : he tells us that the character h is a monogram of SA. Now here I think he is mis- taken. In all the Anglo-Saxon Ilunic alphabets in which P occurs, it stands for the letter A. The character which Mr. Lindsay has mistaken for a monogram is simply this letter retrograde and upside down. There can be no doubt whatever that the true reading of this legend is EPA or ^EPA.
This Epa is said to have been a brother of the Mercian Peada, slain in the battle of Maserfield, 642 A.D. I do not know upon what authority, for I find no mention of this brother of Peada's either in the Saxon Chronicle or in Bede. If we accept this attribution, we must place these coins of Epa first in the Mercian series, and before those of Peada, who succeeded Penda in 655. If, however, it be found that it is erroneous, we shall be obliged to remove them to Eba, who is mentioned after the death of Penda, under the title of Dux Merciorum ; 3 they would then follow the coins of Peada in the Mercian series.
Let us now turn to examine the reverse of these coins, which is one of the commonest of the sceatta types, for
2 Peanda interfecto, Wlfredus films ejus donante Cadwallone successit ei in regnum, qui consociato sibi Eba et Edberto Merciorum ducibus rebellavit adversus Oswi, sed jubente tandem CadwaJlone, pax inter eos perpetua reformata est. (Eulocfium Historiarwn, Ed. Haydon, vol. ii. p. 377.)
VOL. VIII. X.S. M
82 NIM1SMATIC CHRONICLE.
it occurs not only upon these Rune-bearing coins, but also upon those which have legends in the Roman charac- ter. It consists of a square compartment, within which we find various imitations of letters; on the best ex-
T T T T
amples these letters are usually ° ° . Now I take this
/ \ XX
device to be simply a copy of the Roman legend x x ? which we frequently find written on the square military standard. The similarity in the arrangement of the letters is very striking. Roman coins of this and similar types had doubtless a large circulation in Britain. Nos. 4 and 5 of PI. IV. are two coins of Constantine II. and Crispus struck in London. If the reader will compare with these the sceatta of Peada (PI. IV., No. 6), I think he will agree with me that all these sceattas are imita- tions, more or less rude, of these Roman types.
We may attribute then to Mercia, if not with absolute certainty, assuredly with a high degree of probability, all the coins of this type, be their legends Latin or Runic.
Next in the series we come to the coins which have been attributed to Peada, the son of Penda, King of Mercia. Penda had been conquered and slain in a battle fought near the river Vinwed (Winwidfield, near Leeds) by Oswiu, King of the Northumbrians, A.D. 655 ; where- upon Peada, who had for several years been Ealdorman or Prince of the Middle Angles, or South Mercians, under his father Penda, succeeded, with Oswiu's per- mission, to the crown of South Mercia, which was divided by the river Trent from the country of the North Mer- cians, which Oswiu united to his own kingdom of North- umbria.
Peada embraced the Christian religion, and married Elfleda, the daughter of Oswiu. He was destined, how-
ANGLO-SAXON COINS WITH RUNIC LEGENDS. 83
ever, to an early death, for in the very next year he was murdered by the treachery, it is said, of his wife, during the celebration of the festival of Easter.3
In the British Museum there are three coins which may with all but certainty be attributed to this unfor- tunate prince. Two of them are, as far as I am aware, unpublished ; the third is the coin which was attributed by L. Y. H., in the second volume of the Chronicle, to Sledda, King of the East Saxons.
The obverse of the first of these coins has a helmeted bust to the right, in front of which is an imitated .Latin legend.
The reverse is the same as that of the coins of
T T
noticed above, — viz., o in a square compartment, clearly
copied from the Roman military standard. Above the standard, on either side, is the letter JR, which is probably intended as the initial letter of the kingdom of Mercia. Between the square and the outer edge of the coin, on the right side, we read, beginning at the top, the letters PAD A in Runic. (Plate IV., Nos. 6 and 10.)
The coin noticed by L. Y. H. (Num. Chron., vol. ii. p. 152) has the obverse similar to the preceding. The first thing that strikes us on looking at the reverse is the great improvement upon what we may call the " standard type." The standard itself is preserved, but instead of the meaningless imitation of the Roman ^3^1 we find the king's name written in clear and elegant Runes; round the standard there are, as usual, a few Latin letters and a cross, the three lower limbs of which terminate in annulets. Ruding, in order to keep the
3 Bede, "Ecc. Hist.," iii. 24. "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle," an. 655.
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
cross at the top of the coin, and not understanding the Runes, has engraved this piece upside down; the draughts- man has also united the first two letters of the king's name. This blunder has apparently led astray the in- genious author of the article above mentioned, for he mistakes the first letter £j , P, for a [X| > which he calls an S, but which is in reality an ST ; and the second for a monogram composed of the letters Is , p], L and E. Thus he gets the name SLEDA, and ascribes the coin to Sledda, King of the East Saxons between the years 587 and 596. (Num. Chron., First Series, vol. ii. p.154.) I have no doubt but that the writer of the article in question, had he seen the coin itself, would have read the legend properly, not as a monogram (PL IV., No. 9) SLEDA, but as (PL IV., No. 10) PADA.
The third and last of the coins of Peada differs from the two I have just described. The obverse presents a bust turned to the right, the head bound by a fillet; there is, as usual, an imitated Latin legend.
The reverse type is also new to us. It consists of a small beaded circle, within which is an equilateral cross, with an annulet in each angle ; outside this circle is the name PADA, followed by some apparently blundered Roman legend.
The next coins we are able to attribute are the sceattas, formerly given to Ethilberht L, King of Kent. As they have been often noticed in the Chronicle, I need not de- scribe them. It is now, 1 believe, universally admitted that they should be ascribed to ^Ethelrsed, King of Mercia, A.D. 675-704. (Vide Num. Chron., First Series, vol. ii. p. 155.)
In the British Museum there are three of these coins, each differing slightly from the other. I have engraved
ANGLO-SAXON COINS WITH RUNIC LEGENDS. 85
their reverses on PL IV., Nos. 11, 12, 13. The name of the king is written in two lines ySouo-rpo^Sov, on two of them from left to right, and on the other from right to left. The last specimen furnishes us with a very peculiar form of the TH.
There is a coin attributed by Mr. Haigh to Oswiu of Northumbria, 642-670. It is engraved in Mr. Lindsay's " Coinage of the Heptarchy " (pi. I., fig. 19), and there it plainly reads WIGU^ERD (PL IV., No. 14). Mr. Haigh, on pi. II., fig. 6, of his "Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Britain," gives the legend of this coin thus, AUSWI- GUARD (PL IV., No. 15), which he translates "Oswiu the Chief." He sees the letters AUS upon the coin, which are certainly not visible in Mr. Lindsay's engrav- ing. There is a coin, moreover, in the Hunterian Museum (Ruding, pi. 2, fig. 8), which reads unmis- takably WIGUD (PL IV., No. 18). Now this is re- markably like WIGtLERD. Is it possible that Mr. Haigh can have mistaken some lines or Latin letters for the letters f^ H H (AUS) ? I confess that I am not quite satisfied with this attribution of Mr. Haigh's, and still less with Mr. Lindsay's reading of the same coin. He reads the name WINUFRD, and supposes it may be a coin of Winfrid, an Archbishop of Maiutz, who was murdered by the Pagans in 754. This is most certainly an erroneous reading, for in the first place the Rune X is a G, not an N, and (^ is an M, not an F. The coin reads plainly enough WIGU^ERD. I cannot find in the' Saxon Chronicle or in Bede any name resembling this ; perhaps some of my numismatic friends may be able to assist me.
I have now noticed all the Rune-bearing sceattas in the British Museum and our chief numismatic works. It
86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
will be seen that they belong, without exception, to the kingdom of Mercia, and were struck during the latter half of the seventh century.
Peada reigned in Mercia A.D. 655-56. He was suc- ceeded by Wulfhere, his brother, who reigned nineteen years. Of this king we have at present no coins.
.^Ethelrsed, the third brother, came to the throne in 675, and after a reign of twenty-nine years retired into a monastery in A.D. 704.
From this time until the accession of Offa in 755, a period of fifty years, during which three kings reigned in Mercia, we have as yet no coins. I have no doubt but that sooner or later sceattas will be found, probably with Runic legends, resembling those of ^Epa, Peada, and jEthelrsed, both of Wulfhere, Peada's successor, and of Kenred, Ceolred, and Ethelbald, who ruled Mercia in succession between the years 704 and 755, the date of the accession of Offa, who introduced the penny in place of the sceatta, previously the only silver coin in circula- tion throughout the island, and in whose time the Roman alphabet had in England all but superseded the Runes.
Before I conclude this notice, and while I am still upon the subject of Runes, I wish to draw the attention of the society to what I take to be one of the earliest Rune-bear- ing coins: it is an imperial gold solidus, an imitation of the VICTORIA, AVGGG. type of Honorius, and pro- bably struck quite early in the fifth century, for Honorius died in the year 423 : —
Obv. — A diademed bust of emperor to right, wearing paludamentum.
Eev. — Emperor standing right, holding a standard and a globe surmounted by a Victory, and placing his foot upon a prostrate captive.
ANGLO-SAXON COINS WITH RUNIC LEGENDS. 87
The legend is evidently an imitation — the work of an artist unacquainted with the Latin language.
This coin formed part of the collection of King George III., and has lain for years unnoticed in the British Museum." My attention has lately been drawn to it by the Count de Sails, who sent an impression of it to Professor Stephens of Copenhagen, in whose magnificent work it will shortly be published ; it bears, besides the barbarous imitation of the Latin legend, a very perfect inscription in Anglo-Saxon Runes. Unfortunately Professor Stephens has misread this Runic legend : probably the impression from which he took it was not quite perfect. He reads it SI^NOMODU (PI. IV., No. 19), and thus translates it, SIJSN O MODU " Sisen owns this mot." (coin or die).
He goes on to say that such a man's name as Sisenomod is not likely, although, if taken for Sinmod, it is possible; so he prefers dividing the legend and translating.
Whether or not he be correct in this is doubtless an open question. For my own part, I should be in- clined to consider the legend as forming only one word, and that probably the name of the moueyer or of the place of mintage ; but, however this may be, Professor Stephens is certainly wrong in his reading of the Runes; the legend, correctly read, is SCANOMODIT (PI. IV., No. 18), not SI^ENOMODU (PL IV., No. 19).* I have sent an impression of this solidus to Mr. Haigh, who is of opinion that it is of English workmanship, for
4 After writing the above, it struck me that, although Professor Stephens' work was already in course of printing, there might yet be time for him to correct the error above alluded to. I therefore sent him a sharp impression of the Runic solidus, and I have just received a letter from him in acknowledgment of the same, in which he tells me that he has had the Runic side of the coin re-engraved and the error corrected. This is very satisfactory, as it would have been a thousand pities that, in so
88 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the letter £ lie informs me occurs on the Gilton sword pommel. The second letter ^ for C only occurs on our old English monuments, and f^, common with us, is very rare indeed on the Scandinavian bracteates. Although then we do not know where this coin was found, I think we may conclude, from the evidence of the Runes them- selves, as well as from the fact that it formed part of King George's collection, that it was picked up somewhere in England. Consequently we must place it at the head of the Saxon series, long before any of the sceattas noticed above. It is, although of barbaric workmanship, essen- tially a Roman coin, for in weight it corresponds with the solidi of the period. It is the first link in the descending chain of imitations from the original Roman prototype, and we cannot assign a later date to it than about 440 A.D.
This precious solidus may, perhaps, have been used as a personal ornament, like the Scandinavian bracteates, for there are traces of a ring or loop, which seems to have been once attached to the coin for the purpose of suspend- ing it to a necklace.
It is highly probable that the Saxons would make this use of the beautiful Roman gold coins, and that they would make imitations of them for a similar purpose, in the same way as their Scandinavian brethren copied their ornamental bracteates from the thin dish-like coins of the Eastern Empire.
It is quite possible, then, that this piece may have been intended from the first as a personal ornament, and not as a coin, in which case I should be inclined to follow Pro- perfect and complete a work as Professor Stephens', a coin of such interest and value should be wrongly engraved. Had it occurred to me before that Professor Stephens might still have had time to correct his slight mistake, I would not have per- petuated this mis-reading by engraving it upon my plate.
ANGLO-SAXON COINS WITH RUNIC LEGENDS. 89
fessor Stephens in his method of interpreting the Runic legend, and to consider it as indicating the name of the owner rather than that of the artist. If it be objected to this that such a name as Scan be improbable, I have still another suggestion to make, which, to my mind, appears by no means unlikely.
The Runes, as is now generally admitted, were in the \ earliest times simply a means of aiding the memory and of Preserving a record of the history of past ages. The word Rune is probably derived from the name of the instrument with which these letters were cut or scratched upon wood or stone. Now, the art of writing, though undoubtedly existing among the Teutons, was very far from being generally known ; and the common people would naturally look with a kind of superstitious reverence upon those who possessed the strange power of communicating their thoughts to one another in unspoken words by this means^ Thus the word Rune came to have the secondary meaning of a mystery, and the very letters themselves were regarded with awe, as possessing inherent powers for good or for ill.6 There were certain combinations of these letters used as charms against diseases, others for engendering love or hatred, others again for insuring victory in battle, &c. &c. Is it not possible, after all, that the inscription upon this
5 This superstition seems to have been rather encouraged than otherwise by the Pagan priests. Tacitus alludes to the custom of casting lots with small slips of wood inscribed with runes : " Auspicia, sortesque, ut qui maxime, observant. Sortium con- suetudo simplex : virgam, frugiferae arbori decisam, in surculos amputant, eosque, notis quibusdam discretes, super candidarn vestein temere ac fortuito spargunt : mox, si publice consuletur, sacerdos civitatis, sin privatim, ipse paterfamiliae, precatus deos, coalumque suspiciens, ter singulos tollit, sublatos, secunduni impressam unto uotam, interpretatur." — Tacitus, Ger. X.
VOL. VIII. N.S. N
90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
gold piece may be a clmrm to defend the wearer from evil, or to obtain for him victory over his enemies ? If so, we have small chance of ever discovering its meaning : it must still remain to us a Rune, a mystery.
Whatever may have been its original intention, it is doubtless one of the earliest pieces struck in England after the departure of the Romans. Hencgest and Horsa landed in Britain in the year of our Lord 428 : from this date, if not previously, the barbarians of the North made frequent incursions into the island, formed settlements, and brought with them their own manners, customs,laws, language, and ancient futhorc, or alphabet, handed down to them through ages from their remote forefathers, from those prehistoric times before the great dispersion of mankind, when the whole Aryan race dwelt together as one family, speaking one language,6 on the banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris ; an alphabet not derived from the Latin, the Greek, or the Phoenician, but like them a simplification of a still earlier symbolic system, similar perhaps to that of which the Egyptians alone continued to make use long after the other nations had adopted easier modes of writing.
BARCLAY V. HEAD.
6 One proof, among many, of the priority of the art of writing to the dispersion of the Aryan race is the fact that we find a large number of words having reference to it common to the Teutonic and classic languages. Of. the Anglo-Saxon scriban, the German schreiben, with the Latin scribere, and the old Norse Graf, Graf an, with the Greek ypafaiv.
Mr. Haigh, in his " Saxon Conquest," chapter ii., on the An- tiquity of Phonetic Writing as practised by the Teutonic Races, goes deeply into this subject, and not only proves in the clearest manner the antiquity of the art of writing among the Teutons, but actually traces it up to Woden, who lived about the time of the separation of the children of Japhet. Those who would cast aside as worthless all tradition, which is unwritten history, should read this chapter.
NOTICE OF 11ECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
In Nos. 3 and 4 (May — August) of the Revue for 1867 there are the following articles : —
1. " Letter to M. A. de Longperier from M. F. de Saulcy, on Gaulish Numismatics, xxvi. Reini and Carnutes."
2. "On some kinds of Greek Coins mentioned in Ancient Authors and in Inscriptions," by M. F. Lenormant.
3. "On the Coins attributed by M. Bompois to Meleager, King of Macedonia," by M. L. Muller.
4. " Inedited Coin representing the Image of Jesus the Saviour, the Chalcean," by M. A. Dumont.
5. " Coins of llheims. Merovingian Money," by M. L. Maxe- Werly.
6. " Denier of Philip Augustus, struck at Issoudun," by M. A. de Longperier.
7. " Essay on the Mints of Provence from its Reunion to the Crown. Coins of Rene," by M. A. Carpentin.
8. " Imitation of Coins of Charles VI. by Jean-sans-Peur, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders," by M. L. Deschamps.
9. "Rectification of an Article on some Obsidioual Franco - Italian Coins," by M. V. Proniis.
10. " Anciennes Monnaies Hermetiques faites d'Or et d' Ar- gent Philosophal," by M. P. Martin Rey.
11. " Introduction to the Study of Jettons," (conclusion,) by M. A. d'Aflry de la Monnoye.
In the Bulletin Bibliographique are notices of two numismatic works.
In the Chronique there is an engraving and a description by M. J. Cumano, of Faro (Portugal), of a denarius of Titus Labienus, the father of Quintus, whose coins are well known. On the reverse is the representation of a town, with the legend CINGVLVM, a town built by Titus Labienus at his own expense (Bell. Civ. i. 15). M. A. de Longperier has appended a note expressing some slight doubt of its genuineness, and it is much to be feared that it is a modern forgery. It would answer well to assert that it was found at Munda, for, if the piece was true, Spain is the only place where it could have been struck. The piece must be seen and examined before numismatists can accept it as genuine.
There is also a notice of a find of Carlovingian coins at Gamiat (Allier), and the concluding portion of the list of the works and articles of the late Celestino Cavedoni by M. le Baron, de Witte.
D'J NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Ill the premiere licraisun of the Herat: Nwnismatique Belyf for 1808 there are the following articles : —
1. " Catalogue of Obsidional Coins and Pieces de Necessity V (eighth article), by M. P. Mailliet.
2. " Don Antonio, King of Portugal, his History and Coins," by M. R. Chalon.
3. " The Thirty-eight Inedited Jettons of the list Van Mieris- le-Petit," by M. J. Dirks.
4. " Observations on some Anglo-Saxon Coins," by M. le Comte Maurin Nahuys.
5. " Documents pour servir a 1'Histoire des Medailles," by M. de la Fons Melicocq.
In the Correspondance is a letter from M. Fr. Seguin to M. K. Chalon, on some Russian coins.
In the Melanges are notices of various numismatic publications, finds of coins, &c. Among these latter there is a notice by M. J. Dircks of the find of an aureus (sic) of Arcadius, with, on the reverse, the letters M. D., explained by M. Dircks, M (andato) D (ecurianum). It may be as well to point out that the piece is a solldus, and that the letters MD. stand for Mediolano (Milan).
In the Necrologie is a notice of the late M. P. 0. Van der Chijs.
The second part of the " Die Miinzen und Medaillen Grau- bundens " (The Coins and Medals of the Canton Grisons), by C. F. Trachsel, has just appeared. The number concludes with the coins of Ulrich VI. von Mont, 1661—1692. (See Num. Citron., N.S., vol. vii. p. 248.)
COINS FROM THE BLACAS COLLECTION p i i\/
Nam. ChnmJf.S. Vol VMFLZ.
COINS 'FROM THE BLACAS COLLECTION
Pi V
Num. Chran,N.S.VolVIIIPUV:
ntrr
UCb.
a
/o
pixntx
C.I.Newman del eL litK
MAN.Hanharfc:
.\NGLO-SAXON COINS WITH RUNIC LEGENDS.
V.
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS IN THE EAST, THE GREEKS AND INDO-SCYTHIANS.
BY MAJOR-GENERAL A. CUNNINGHAM.
PART I. THE GREEKS OF BACTR1ANA, ARIANA, AND INDIA.
INTRODUCTION.
WHEN Alexander dismounted from the hardly tamed Bukephalus, his father Philip exclaimed, with tears of joy, " Seek another kingdom, my son, for Macedonia is too small for thee." Afterwards, when Philip planned the invasion of Persia, his most ambitious dreams, perhaps, never reached the vast extent which his son's conquests actually realized. Even Alexander himself, on hearing of Philip's victories, is said to have lamented that his father would leave nothing for him to conquer1 — so little can even the most comprehensive mind grasp of the future.
In the summer of B.C. 334, Alexander crossed the Hellespont at the head of thirty thousand infantry and
1 " . . . . fertur Pellaeus Eoiim
Qui domuit Porum, cum prospera saepe Philippi
Audiret, Isetos inter flevisse sodales,
Nil sibi vincendum patris virtute relinqui."
Claudian, de IV. Cons. Hon. Panegyr., 374—377.
VOL. VIII. N.S. O
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
four thousand five hundred cavalry. He forced the passage of the Granicus in spite of all the efforts of Memnon, the ablest officer of the Persian army, and afterwards defeated Darius himself in two decisive battles at Issus and Arbela. On the death of Darius, in B.C. 330, Alexander followed his murderer Bessus to the frontiers of Bactria, where he was obliged to give up the pursuit in consequence of the simultaneous revolt of the satraps of Aria, Drangiana, and Arachosia. With char- acteristic rapidity he made a forced march of about seventy miles to Artakoana, the capital of Aria, with his cavalry and mounted archers, and nearly surprised the revolted satrap in his palace.
There Alexander seems to have paused in his career to consider his present position and future movements. He had just before heard of the assumption of the regal title of Artaxerxes by Bessus, in Bactria; and the organized revolt of these Eastern satraps now showed him that resistance had not died with Darius. His first plans were most probably confined to the humiliation of Persia ; but they seem gradually to have been enlarged by success, until they embraced the complete . subjugation of the Persian empire, and the conquest of India, even to the mouth of the Ganges. Alexander's comprehensive mind contemplated much more than a predatory excursion, resulting only in plunder; and when he determined on the conquest of Bactria and India, he had also formed plans for their permanent occupancy and future govern- ment. Indeed, after his death there was found amongst his papers the rough draught of a scheme for the amal- gamation of the different nations of Europe and Asia into one people under his own single rule. This he purposed to effect by securing the good-will of his conquered
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 95
subjects. How well he succeeded in his purpose was afterwards shown by the peaceful submission of the eastern provinces to the sway of the Seleukidae, which was quite undisturbed for more than two generations.
With his usual judgment, Alexander now determined to leave no enemy behind him. He therefore turned aside from the pursuit of Bessus, to crush the rebellious satraps of Aria, Drangiana, and Arachosia. This being done, he resumed his pursuit of Bessus through the territories of the Paropamisadse to Bactria. On crossing the Oxus into Sogdiana, Bessus was delivered into his hands by Spita- menes, the governor of the province. The whole country then submitted to the conqueror, and Grecian garrisons were established in all the principal cities. When Spita- menes betrayed Bessus, he no doubt thought that he would be permitted to retain his own government, and that, on the departure of Alexander, he might be able to form Sogdiana into an independent kingdom. He now openly rebelled, and so great was his skill that he managed to keep the field for two entire years, when, being signally defeated, he was treacherously murdered by his Scythian allies. The spirit of organized resistance died with this heroic Persian nobleman ; yet many of the petty chiefs still held out, and retreated to their mountain fastnesses, where they vainly hoped that Alexander would be unable or unwilling to follow them. But danger only inflamed his natural ardour, while difficulty stimulated his energy and increased his perseverance. His romantic disposition sought danger wherever she was to be found, and he courted her, as the knights of chivalry wooed their brides, by force of arms. The two provinces of Sogdiana and Bactria were thus finally subdued and permanently annexed to the Macedonian empire in B.C. 328.
96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Early in the following spring Alexander crossed the Indian Caucasus, and at the rpioSoi/, or meeting of the three roads from Bactria, India, and Arachosia, founded the city of Alexandria ad Caucasum, or Alexandria Opiane. The remainder of the year B.C. 327 was spent in the reduction of the various cities and strongholds of the Kabul valley, ending with the capture of the famous rock- fort of Aornos. In the spring of B.C. 326 he crossed the Indus at Embolima, or Ohind, and marched to Taxila, where he was hospitably entertained by the Indian king Mophis, or Omphis.
From Taxila, Alexander advanced to the Hydaspes, where he was so stoutly opposed by Porus that he could only pass the river by a stratagem. Then followed a great battle between the Greeks and Indians, the sub- mission of Porus, and the foundation of the cities of Niksea and Bukephala. Next came the capture of the hill-fortress of Sangala, and the advance to the Hyphasis, beyond which the Greek army, dispirited by long marches and the warlike character of the people, refused to proceed. There, says Gibbon, " on the eastern bank of the Hyphasis, on the verge of the desert, the Macedonian hero halted and wept." Then retracing his steps to the banks of the Hydaspes at Niksea, he prepared a fleet to carry him to the Indian Ocean. On his voyage down the Hydaspes, towards the end of B.C. 326, he received the submission of Sopeithes, or Sophites, who possessed the large tract of country between the Indus and the Hydaspes, in which the valuable salt mines are situated. Continuing his descent of the river, he reached the junction of the Akesines, or Chenab, from whence he made a successful expedition against the Oxydrakse and Malli, ending with the capture of their chief city, which was
Imost certainly Multan. Thence sailing down the Indus, e conquered successively the kingdoms of Musikanus, Oxykanus, and Maeris of Patalene, and reached the Indian Ocean about the middle of B.C. 325.
From the mouth of the Indus, Alexander returned to Patala, leaving Nearchus in command of the fleet, with orders to sail for the mouth of the Euphrates. He then began a long and harassing march through Gedrosia and Karmania to Persepolis and Babylon, where he shortly after died in May, B.C. 323.
At a meeting of the principal officers held after Alex- ander's death, his half-brother Arrhidzeus, and his expected son by Roxana, were declared joint sovereigns of the magnificent empire which he had raised. The chief provinces were divided amongst the most powerful officers. Europe was assigned to Lysimachus, Antipater, and Kraterus ; Egypt was given to Ptolemy ; Asia Minor was divided between Antigonus, Kassander, and Eumenes, and some others of less note; while the provinces of Upper Asia were left under the charge of the governors appointed by Alexander.
The eastern provinces of Alexander's empire were Bac- triana, Ariana, and India, or the countries watered by the Oxus, the Helmand, and the Indus.
Bactriana comprised Sogdiana, Bactria, and Margiaua, all of which were included by Alexander in one satrapy under Philip.
Ariana comprised Aria and Drangiana in one satrapy, under Stasanor ; and Arachosia and Gedrosia in a second satrapy, under Siburtius.
India comprised the three satrapies of the Paropamisada, the Punjab, and Sindh. The first, to the west of the Indus, was placed under Oxyartes, the lather of Roxana.
98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The second, which included the kingdoms of Taxiles, Porus, and Sophites, with the territories of the Oxydrakae and Malli, to the east of the Indus, was placed under the military governorship of Philip, the son of Machetas, while the civil rule was left in the hands of the native sovereigns. The third, which included the kingdoms of Musikanus, Oxykanus, Sambus, and Mseris of Patalene, or the country now forming Sindh, was entrusted to Python, the son of Agenor.
Philip, the satrap of the Punjab,2 was killed in a mutiny of the mercenary soldiers shortly before the death of Alexander, and was succeeded by Eudemus.3 The other Philip, the satrap of Bactriana, was transferred to Parthia at the redistribution of the provinces by Antipater in B.C. 321, and his place was filled by Stasanor, of Aria who was himself succeeded by Stasander.
In the great war that followed between Antigonus and Eumenes, in B.C. 317, the Eastern satraps were summoned to join the standard of Eumenes, as the upholder of the sovereignty of Alexander Aegus, the son of Roxana. Eudemus, the satrap of India, who had treacherously murdered Porus, joined the royal standard with three thousand five hundred troops and one hundred and twenty elephants.4 Oxyartes, the father of Roxana, also sent a small contingent to the assistance of Eu- menes; and Stasander, the satrap of Aria, joined him with a large force.5 But Siburtius, the satrap of Ara- chosia, sided with Antigonus ; and Pithon, the son of
8 Arrian, Anabasis, vi. 27. 3?i\nnrov rov oraTpd-jr^v rrjs ' s.
3 Curtius (Vit. Alex., x. 1) calls him Eudemon.
4 Diodorus, Hist. Univers., xix. 5. p Diodoms. Hist. Univers., xix. 9.
99
Agenor, satrap of Sindh, must have followed his example, as he was afterwards entrusted by Antigonus with a high command. Justin, who, however, calls him satrap of Parthia, says that he joined Eumenes.6 No mention is made of Stasanor, the satrap of Bactria; but as he retained his government at the redistribution of the provinces after the defeat of Eumenes, it seems probable that he was not hostile to Antigonus. At the same time Siburtius was confirmed in the government of Arachosiaj and Evagoras was appointed satrap of Aria, in the place of Stasander.7
The power of Antigonus was dominant in Upper Asia from B.C. 316 to 312, when his son Demetrius was de- feated by Ptolemy and Seleukus at the decisive battle of Gaza. Seleukus then recovered his satrapy of Babylonia, and established the Seleukidan era on the 1st of October, B.C. 312. But he was immediately called into the field to oppose the Eastern satraps, who, under the command of Nikanor of Media, were advancing towards Babylon to support the interests of Antigonus. Seleukus met them at the passage of the Tigris, and defeated them with great slaughter. Nikanor himself escaped, and took re- fuge with Autigonus ; but Evagoras,8 the satrap of Aria, and several " other principal chiefs " were killed on the field. Amongst them were probably included Siburtius of Arachosia, and Stasanor of Bactria, as there is no further mention of them in history.
Seleukus now turned his arms against the eastern provinces of Parthia, Bactriana, and Ariana, all of which
6 Justin, xli. 4.
7 Diodorus, Hist. Univers., xix. 15.
8 Diodorus (Hist. Univers., xix. 24) calls him Evagrius.
100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLK.
cheerfully submitted to him ;9 and in B.C. 326, when he assumed the title of king, his rule was undisputed from the Euphrates to the Oxus and Indus. A year or two later he conducted an expedition against Sandrokottus, or Chandra Gupta, King of India, who, after the depar- ture of Eudemus, in B.C. 317, had overpowered the Mace- donian garrison,10 and made himself the sole master of the Punjab, and perhaps also of the Kabul valley. Seleukus crossed the Indus, and, according to some authors, ad- vanced as far as the Ganges. ' Chandra Gupta hastily assembled an army of sixty thousand men, with an incre- dible number of elephants, to oppose him, and presented so bold a front that Seleukus thought it prudent to court his alliance, which was secured by a matrimonial connec- tion.11 The Indian prince surrendered five hundred elephants, in exchange for which Seleukus renounced all right to Alexander's Indian conquests. By this treaty the satrapies of the Paropamisadse and of the Upper and Lower Indus, or the Punjab and Sindh, were permanently added to the dominions of Chandra Gupta, and Ariana and Bactriana became the most easterly provinces of the kingdom of Seleukus. The alliance thus begun between the two countries was afterwards continued by the resi- dence of Megasthenes, the ambassador of Seleukus to the Indian court, at Palibothra. To him and his successor, Daimachus, the ambassador of Antiochus Soter,12 the ancients were indebted for nearly all their knowledge of the Indian continent.
9 Justin, xv. 4. Bactrianos expugnavit. Plutarch, in Demet. Diodorus, xix. 24 and xx. 12.
10 Justin, xv. 4.
11 Strabon. Geogr., xv. 2—9.
12 Strabon. Geogr., xv. 1—9.
corx.s OF ALKXAXDKK'S SUCCESSORS. 101
After the battle of Ipsus, in B.C. 302, when the dominions of Antigomis were divided amongst his vic- torious rivals, the whole of Syria, with a great part of Asia Minor, was added to the dominions of Seleukus, whose territories now extended from the Mediterranean to the Indus. The capital was then moved from Babylon to the new city of Antiocheia, on the Orontes, at the extreme western boundary of the kingdom, and the eastern provinces were entrusted to the government of his son, Antiochus. Seleukus was assassinated in B.C. 280, and was succeeded by his son, who is generally known as Antiochus Soter. During his reign of nine- teen years the eastern provinces would appear to have enjoyed a profound peace, as there is no mention of them in history, except the bare facts that Antiochus rebuilt the city of Alexandreia, in Margiana, founded the city of Soteira, in Ariana, and maintained the Indian alliance by the embassy of Daimachus to Allitrochades, or Amitro- chates, the son of Chandra Gupta.
Antiochus II., surnamed Theos, succeeded his father in January, B.C. 261. Shortly after his accession he en- gaged in war with Ptolemy Philadelphus, partly to recover Gyrene for Magas, the husband of his sister, and partly to gain possession of Phoenicia, the old object of dispute between the founders of the two kingdoms. The war lasted for many years, and was only terminated in B.C. 249, shortly before the death of Ptolemy, by the marriage of Antiochus with his daughter Berenike. Ptolemy died in B.C. 247, when Antiochus at once dismissed Berenike, and recalled his former wife, Laodike, who, distrusting his fickle disposition, caused him to be poisoned in January, 246.
Antiochus II. was succeeded by his son Seleukus II.,
VOL. VITl. N.S. P
102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
surnamed Kallinikos, who was immediately attacked by Ptolemy Evergctes, to avenge the death of his sister, Berenike. Seleukus was unable to offer any effectual resistance, and retreated towards the north, while Pto- lemy pursued his career of conquest towards the east, as far as the confines of Bactria and Ariana. The invader was then compelled to return by disturbances in his own kingdom, and Seleukus at once recovered all the con- quered provinces up to the Euphrates, while Ptolemy retained Syria and the rich maritime districts of southern Asia Minor. In commemoration of the recovery of his dominions, Seleukus assumed the title of Kallinikos, and founded the city of Kallinikon in Olymp. 134 — 1, or B.C. 244. In the following year he prepared to attack Ptolemy ; but his brother Antiochus Hierax, on whose assistance he had relied, turned against him, and sought to establish an independent kingdom in Asia Minor. Antiochus was at first successful, and even managed to obtain possession of Mesopotamia and part of Armenia; but about B.C. 238 he was finally defeated, and obliged to fly to Egypt. Seleukus then prepared to attack Arsakes, the king of Parthia, whose brother, during the later years of the troubled reign of Antiochus Theos, had slain the Macedonian governor of the province, and declared him- self independent. Diodotus, the governor of Bactria, and other chiefs had followed his example, and all the eastern provinces of the empire had thrown off their allegiance to the Seleukidse.
The Parthian revolt is now generally assigned to B.C. 250, and that of Bactria to the same period ; but the date of these events is so intimately mixed up with the history of Bactrian independence that I must reserve its for the present, while I give a brief account
COINS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 103
>f the countries that were then permanently detached com the great Syrian empire founded by Seleukus Fikator.
GEOGRAPHY.
The dominions of Seleukus Nikator and his successors extended from the banks of the Indus to the shores of the Mediterranean. The eastern provinces of this vast empire were Parthiene, Bactriana, Ariana, and India, which stretched from the Caspian Sea to the banks of the Satlej, and from the Sir, or Jaxartes, to the Indian Ocean.
PARTHIENE comprised Parthia proper and Hyrkania, both lying to the south-east of the Caspian Sea. It was bounded by the Chorasmian desert on the north, and by the Karmanian desert on the south.
BACTRIANA comprised Bactria proper, Sogdiana, and Margiana, or the countries lying on the Oxus and its tributaries. On the north it was bounded by the Jaxartes, or Sir River ; on the south by Ariana ; on the west by Parthiene and the Chorasmian desert ; and on the east by the Komedian mountains, or Belut Tagh.
ARIANA comprised Aria, Drangiana, Arachosia, and Gedrosia, or the countries lying on the rivers Arius and Hermandus and their tributaries. It was bounded on the west by the great Karmanian desert; on the north by Bactriana ; on the east by the Indian mountains which separate the valleys of the Helmand and Indus ; and on the south by the Erythraean Sea, or Indian Ocean.
INDIA comprised the territory of the Paropamisadse to
the west, and the rich province of the Panjab to the east
of the Upper Indus, and the valley of Sindh on the
Lower Indus.
The government of the whole empire was divided
101- NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
among seventy satraps, eacli of whom possessed, and most probably exercised, the right of coinage in one or more of the chief cities of his satrapy. The coins of some of the great cities of the western provinces can be recog- nised at once by their well-known symbols, as well as by their monograms. But the coins of the great eastern cities rarely possess any symbols, and their monograms are more difficult of decipherment owing to the greater poverty of our information regarding these remote pro- vinces of the Syrian empire.
PARTHIA.
In the time of Ptolemy, the chief cities of Parthia were Hekatompylos the capital, Apameia, and Ambrodax. To these Pliny adds Calliope and the rock-fort of Issatis, both on the Median frontier. Strabp also includes Rhagce and Herakleia in Parthiene, but notes that they formerly belonged to Media. Hekatompylos is mentioned by the historians of Alexander, and again by Polybius in his account of the campaigns of Antiochus the Great. As it is omitted by Isidorus of Charax in his list of Parthian cities, it must have ceased to be the capital of the country some time before the Christian era. Its probable site Avas at Damghan, where Fraser found considerable ruins. Wilson has suggested Jah-Jerm as a more probable site because Damghan is too near the Caspian gates ; and his suggestion has been followed by Mr. Vaux in Smith's Dictionary, and by Mr. Riley in his translation of Strabo. But there are two distances to be considered — namely, the forward distance to the capital of Aria, as well as the backward distance from the Caspian Gates. According to Pliny, Hekatompylos was L'3'3 Roman miles from the
105
•aspiau Gates, and either 562 or 575 miles from the ipital of Aria ; or, respectively, as 1 to 4£, which agrees Imost exactly with the position of Damghan. I believe that Wilson must have been misled by following Strabo instead of Pliny, as Strabo makes the two distances 1,960 stadia and 4,530 stadia, which are respectively equal to 245 and 566 Roman miles. But from a comparison of another passage of Strabo it is evident that there is a mistake in the first distance. His words are, " from the Caspian Gates to Rhagse are 500 stadia, according to Apollodorus ; and to Hekatompylos, the royal seat of the Parthians, 1,260 stadia." By adding these two together Strabo obtained 1,760 stadia, or by some change of the figures 1,960 stadia, as in the first passage. But as Rhagse was in Media,to the west of the Pylee Caspise, Hekatompylos was only 1,260 stadia, or 157| Roman miles, beyond the Gates, according to the second passage. That the greater number is erroneous is clearly shown by his description of Tape in Hyrkania as being "near the sea, distant 1,400 stadia from the Pylee Caspiae ;" for as Parthia was to the south-west of Hyrkania, its capital must have been con- siderably nearer to the Gates than Tape. I conclude, therefore, that the distance of 133 Roman miles, as stated by Pliny, is correct ; and that the number in Strabo should be its equivalent of 1,060 stadia.
Rhayce was an ancient city of Media, but being only 500 stadia, or 57J miles, beyond the Parthian frontier, or Caspian Gates, it was an early acquisition of the Parthian kingdom. According to Strabo, it was rebuilt by Seleukus Nikator as Europus, and its name was afterwards changed to Arsakeia by the Parthians. Its